Melasma Essay example - 899 Words

Melasma is a skin disorder that appears as irregular brown skin patches on the cheeks, nose, forehead and upper lip. Melasma is not dangerous, but can impair your appearance, personality and self confidence. Various options of treatment are available and dermatologists found the melasma laser treatment to be effective of all. Causes of melasma: Melasma is caused due to an over production of melanin. Melanin is the substance that imparts color to the skin. The exact cause for this type of hyperpigmentation is not known. However, the main four factors that contribute to melasma are hormone, genetics, skin inflammation and sun exposure. Intense exposure to sun can worsen the problem. Pregnancy and menopause also can trigger melasma. It†¦show more content†¦The laser skin resurfacing treatment for melasma generally requires a single treatment session with a healing period of one week. It takes between 15 minutes to one hour for the whole process depending on the location and size of the damaged area. Melasma laser treatment is a better alternative for those where the other remedies have proved ineffective. Melasma laser resurfacing treatment is gaining popularity as it produces dramatic results with a short healing time. YAG laser treatment: The YAG laser imparts intense, short pulses of light. These light pulses are targeted to the melanin pigment in the cells that are affected by melasma. The surrounding skin is not affected with this melasma laser treatment. These treatments are given with topical lightening treatments to be used few weeks prior the laser treatments and also continued after the laser treatments. Intense Pulsed light treatment: In intense pulsed light (IPL) therapy, a hand laser is allowed to pass over the skin that targets the melanin. This form of melasma laser treatment works best on the epidermal melasma type. The light energy heats up the melanin cells and destroys them. Before going for IPL treatment for melasma, consult your doctor regarding your type of melasma and also determine whether IPL treatment is suitable for you. If you decide to undergo melasma laser treatment, then choose an experienced dermatologist for the treatment. Your doctorShow MoreRelatedTreatment Options That Work Melasma Is A Common Skin Condition That Causes Skin Discoloration On The Face1260 Words   |  6 PagesMelasma Treatment Options that Work Melasma is a common skin condition that causes skin discoloration on the face. Statistics from the American Academy of Dermatology show that the disease affects more than 6 million Americans. Of those afflicted by the condition, 90% are women. The number of products that have been manufactured to address the treatment of melasma is further evidence of how widespread the condition is. Sadly, the products make it appear as if treating melasma is easy; it is notRead MoreThe Effect Of Progesterone On The Oral Mucosa Of The Pregnant Woman886 Words   |  4 Pagesgreatest affected are those of the areola, genitals, thighs, and underarms; however a linea nigra, a vertical line along the gravid abdomen is experienced by some women. Women may experience darkening of freckles, scars, or melasma, also known as â€Å"mask of pregnancy†. Melasma is the irregular dappling of the skin commonly over the nose, chin, and cheeks that appears with pregnancy and typically fades within a year postpartum. Also common in pregnancy are stretch marks or striae gravidarum, mostRead MoreMicrodermabrasion712 Words   |  3 Pagescrystals that are blasted out onto the skin .At the same time, the machines vacuum system sucks away dirt, dead cells and used crystals. Through this procedure we can treat these skin disorders (skin problems) :   Sun induced pigmentation, melasma , age spots Whiteheads and blackheads Fine lines and minor wrinkles Enlarget clogged pores Flaking and dry skin Excessive oiliness Scar and callus reduction Blending lasered and non lasered areas after laser skin resurfacing Pre-tretmentRead MoreThe Effects of Sun Exposure to the Human Body1928 Words   |  8 Pageshas no cure. One example of hyperpigmentation comes in the form of what is sometimes known as â€Å"age spots.† These are brown spots that appear on the skin and trying to remove them is nearly imposable. Melasma is another form of hyperpigmentation, which occurs when a woman is hormonal. People with melasma are warned to hide from the sun because exposure to the ultraviolet rays will cause the pigment in the dermis of the skin to darken. Skin texture also changes in skin that has been over exposed to theRead MoreWomen Have the Burden of Birth Control1226 Words   |  5 PagesReproductive Organs and Breasts. Some other side effects of oral contraceptives are irregular vaginal bleeding or spotting, a change in vision while wearing contact lenses or not being able to wear contact lenses anymore, edema (fluid retention), melasma (darks spots on the skin), nausea and vomiting, a change in one’s appetite, headaches, nervousness, depression, dizziness, loss of scalp hair, rash and vaginal infections† (Detailed Patient Labeling Norgestmate And Ethinyl Estradiol Tablets USP 0Read MoreMost Effective Whitening Soap: Gluta or Kojic1717 Words   |  7 Pagesto lighten. Primarily produced in Asia, in countries like Japan and the Philippines, glutathione soap claims a number of skin benefits. Glutathione soap, besides lightening the pigment of the skin, also claims to reduce blemishes and dark spots, melasma, chloasma, hyper pigmentations freckles and acne scars, as well as return rosiness to the skin thats often associated with youth and vitality. Because glutathione has been called a master antioxidant, producers of glutathione soap also claim thatRead MoreThe Maintenance of Oral Health during Pregnancy 1868 Words   |  8 Pagesnon-emergency dental works are usually postponed until after the birth. Now, we will look into the oral-facial changes observed during pregnancy. Bilateral brown patches in the mid-face may appear during the first and third trimester. This is known as melasma and is seen in up to 73% of pregnant women (Geisinger et al., 2014). While the aetiology of this condition is unclear, it is believed to be related to an increase in the levels of estrogen and progesterone. About 50% of pregnant patientsRead MoreGuidelines For An Accurate Skin Analysis2271 Words   |  10 Pagesthe product instructions and manuals. 6. Pigmented : Varied skin colouration with either the absence of pigment or erratic pigmentation many causes, hormonal (menpause or puberty), photoaged, medication, medical conditions such as Vitiligo or Melasma. 7. Couperose : Characteristics are dilated and broken capillaries, the epidermis of the skin will be thin. 8. Damaged : There are multiple effects that damage the skin. Sun damaged (photoaged skin)skin pigmentation hyperpigmentation, hypopigmentationRead More5 Simple Steps Of A Healthy Pregnancy Essay2457 Words   |  10 Pagessebaceous glands, so that your skin may look brighter. For the same reason, acne is also common during pregnancy. Among other changes that pregnancy hormones generated in the skin are yellowish or brownish spots that appear on the face, which are called melasma, and a dark stripe running from the navel to the pubis, which known as linea nigra. Also, moles or freckles that you had before pregnancy may increase in size or become darker. Even the areola, the area around the nipple becomes darker. Stretch marks

How great is gatsby Free Essays

The term ‘Great’ can be Interpreted in a variety of ways. Fitzgerald doesn’t mention the word great in his book. ‘The Great Gatsby apart from In the title; this Incredibly short title shows a lot of meaning behind the character of Gatsby. We will write a custom essay sample on How great is gatsby? or any similar topic only for you Order Now It could be Ironic, mysterious or an ode to Gatsby himself. However the title could be alluding to Gatsby great heart or love with Daisy The name ‘Great Gatsby Immediately Invokes the thought of a showman or a magician, especially with the’ in the title. The simple and humble beginnings of Jimmy Gate were almost miraculously transformed into he lavish lifestyle that Gatsby thought was his destiny. In this respect Jimmy Gate is the ‘Great Gatsby’ his whole life is an illusion that he conjured up to change his life completely. However there are holes in the lifestyle he created compared to the way he acted, especially during his extravagant parties, he never fully mastered the role of host, he didn’t talk to all the guests instead he tended to skulk and hope that Daisy would appear from across the lake. There are major problems with Gatsby decision to obliterate his past life, namely he no longer feels completely comfortable In myself. This means that he can’t be considered a great man within society. In the sass a Great man was considered to know everyone, throw lavish parties and be successful. This was Gatsby to an extent, he was able to manipulate the law through his connections to keep him out of trouble, he threw spectacular parties and he can be considered successful. However he could no longer connect with people, even with Daisy he often lost his nerve and ability to speak to her. Nick has to make him talk to Daisy the first time they meet again you’re acting like a little boy†¦. Not only that UT you’re being rude’. This is again a sign that Gatsby isn’t naturally a socialite; he wasn’t brought up with money and didn’t attend parties so he doesn’t know how to host or to make small talk. He’s therefore not a Great socialite man. He manages to reinvent himself, through his sudden increase In money, his friendship with Mr.. Dan Cody and his need to be with Daisy; this Is what makes him great in Nick Caraways eyes. Nick admires Gatsby to the extent that he’s amazed at the life Gatsby has managed to attain purely for the love of a girl, Daisy. However Nick believes that Gatsby love was misplaced, he believed that the Daisy that Gatsby had desired and dreamed about, had been romanticists so heavily by Gatsby, that the real Daisy could no longer fulfill Gatsby dream of her. In Gatsby mind Daisy is a dream that he is striving to achieve, he tries desperately to get close to her. When he finally buys the house across the lake from her, he sees the green light. This light is his hope for the future and the thing that makes him want to fight harder to become the Great man that Daisy deserves. When Daisy finally gets to his house the green light is no longer kibbles and the dream Is shattered. This is where Gatsby greatness fails; in Gatsby mind Daisy was supposed to leave her husband and run away with him, live In the house he built for her and starts their lives again but Daisy couldn’t satisfy this dream. HIS misplaced faith In this dream life with Daisy was Gatsby ultimate downfall. Gatsby was In some respects the noble denotation of ‘Great’ he was successful and self-sacrificing purely for Daisy, he showed some aspects of heroic wanted. However the majority of the heroic actions were done out of selfish intent, ND Gatsby failure to accept that the girl he loved had moved on. Yet he carried on trying to make everything the way he wanted, he ended up getting so caught up in his own warped version of their life together instead of saving Daisy he ended up making her run away. He may have done everything out of love but the outcome was a warped tragedy. The connotations associated with a ‘Great man’ are incredibly varied; Gatsby certainly was not a good man so it’s questionable if he can be considered great. His amorality is a very important part of the book because it is set n the sass’s hypocritical society. Gatsby was the source of gossip and scandal. People would go to his parties, drink his illegal alcohol and Judge his illegality and suspect him of having connections with the Kaiser. The rumors circulating may not have all been true but a fair few were accurate, Gatsby made his money through bootlegging, this doesn’t make him a good person. Throughout the book there is the omniscient poster of TX Cocklebur, therefore it’s very possible that although Gatsby suffered retribution for a crime he didn’t commit, he perhaps suffered it for one of is many other crimes. In Conclusion, Jay Gatsby was a Great Illusionist and liar but not a Great man. He created a life that changed his morals and Judgments so he could please an idealized girl who he hadn’t seen for 5 years. Although he may have had the best intentions to start with they were only centered on his own happiness and then refused to accept that Daisy could have moved on. The Great Gatsby ended up almost breaking up a marriage, causing severe heartbreak to the people he loved, and implemented the events that led to his own unnecessary downfall. How to cite How great is gatsby?, Papers

Design and Manufacturing Fector

Questions: 1.Describe the function of the component, clearly identifying the material-based attributes that are important to its function? 2.What are the material property constraints and objectives that would be required (you may use assumptions for the exact values of these properties? 3.Identify what materials could be used for the component, and then to ultimately identify what you consider to be the best choice? 4.Identify all of the manufacturing processes that could be used to make that component? Answers: 1. A bicycle fork is a component that supports the front wheel. Its main components include the two blades that join to hold the front wheel in place, the crown joints the two blades at the top. The crown is then connected to the steerer tube. The tube functions to support the fork and enhance the support of the handlebars. The steerer connects to the frame through a combination of bearings that are referred to as headset and they are connected to the head tube. The function of the bicycle fork is to hold the front wheel in place (John1989, p. 6). The material based attributes put into consideration during the manufacturing of the bicycle fork include: Ductility, this factor enables the material used in manufacturing to be easily shaped into desired shapes without affecting its strength through the tensile forces. Durability of the bicycle fork was considered too in the manufacturing of the forks. The durability functioned to ensure that the loss of strength was significantly reduced. Reliability was also considered during the manufacturing process (Hurst 2013, p. 72). It helped to ensure that the material used could sustain adverse effects that never exceeded the elastic limit. 2. The most commonly used materials in the manufacturing of the bicycle frame include: aluminium, steel, carbon fiber and titanium. Aluminium, steel and titanium have a unique combination of attributes that are important in this discussion. Steel is made up of twice the density and tensile forces of titanium. Steel contains 2/3 of the density of aluminium and 2/3 of the strength of aluminium. This concludes that forks manufactured using aluminium and steel should have a similar weight. Steel contains 2/3 of the strength from aluminium. Considering the weight of aluminium to steel, one will require thrice the portions that will be used by steel to make an aluminium one. The volume (cubic) of steel is 2/3 of the same volume of aluminium given that the weight is constant (Elena 2009, p. 34). In manufacturing of bicycle forks, engineers are challenged when designing the bicycle forks. They have to ensure that the bicycle forks become slightly thinner as the diameter remains constant. It is advised that the thickness of the frames should be 0.4mm. A decrease in this could be disastrous as the fork can easily buckle out and due to the weight and terrain, vibrations will increase, reliability will be compromised and hence denting will occur. The tensile forces will exceed as the thickness will not be able to stop it from reaching the elastic limit. Common constraints and objectives: Constraints that are considered during the selection of the material to be used during manufacturing process include stiffness so that they have the ability to resist tension, have enough strength, ability to withstand adverse stress, the rate of conductivity, the rate at which it can resist electrical conduction, relatively high price is incurred during manufacturing and the weight is relatively high. The objectives that are considered during manufacturing include: ensuring that the cost of production is low, ensure that the weight is low, reduced volume of material used, low impact to the environment, quick heat loss and increased energy reservation (Michael 2013, p. 93). When manufacturing the bicycle forks, it is important to consider the fatigue constraint that the bicycle will be challenged through during its usage. Steel is hardly affected by fatigue. It can endure any stress that is applied to it over a long period of its usage. On the other hand, aluminium hardly endures the fatigue that is applied to it. This explains the reason as to why it is important to build it with extra strength, 2/3 or what is used in steel. Durability as a constraint in the manufacture of the bicycle fork is also considered. This aims at giving the value for money in the selling by recovering the cost of production (Gwo-Hshiung 2016, p. 69). 3 .Consider these attributes, constraints and objectives in undertaking a basic material selection using level 2 of the CES software to initially In carbon fiber, the material used has advantages of being light in the overall weight, it absorbs shock better compared to aluminium, it is relatively durable compared to aluminium and the ease of manufacturing it is relatively good. It is disadvantageous in being expensive to manufacture and it is unfixable when it gets damaged (Matt 2012, p. 116). Aluminium has a light weight, resistant to rust, cheap in purchasing hence reduced cost in manufacturing, it is stiff hence being durable and it lasts for a reasonable period of time. It is disadvantageous due to its reduced strength when compared to steel and has the shortest fatigue life when compared to steel carbon fibre and titanium. Titanium is merited due to its reasonable weight as it is easy to handle, it hardly fails or reduced mechanical conditions will affect it and it is free from corrosion. However, its strength is relatively low than steel and its relatively heavy when compared to aluminium (Peter 2005, p. 1001). Steel has a high tensile strength and has a long lifespan when compared to the above. Its demerit is due to its weight that is considerably high and its ability not to resist corrosion. Materials/Properties Youngs modulus Cost Fatigue Strength at 10^7 Carbon fiber 150 GPa 44.5 $US/kg 300 Mpa Aluminium 82 GPa 2.49 $US /kg 157 Mpa Titanium 120 GPa 26.2 $US /kg 600 MPa Steel 217 GPa 0.664 $US /kg 700 MPa Information in the table was taken from CES program. However, steel has the cheapest price and it actually has a high youngs modulus, as a result I will choose the steel as it is also one of the common materials for manufacturing bicycle forks (Ces Software). 4. Based on the material you ultimately selected in question 2 for your component, use level 2 of the CES software to identify all of the manufacturing processes that could be used to make that component. Steel production process contains steps that are involved during the manufacturing process. Iron making is the initial process that involves blasting the raw materials to get the molten steel that can be molded into various shapes of the bicycle fork. The primary steel making process is the second stage (Harrison 1979, p. 23). It uses oxygen that is pumped into the metal to remove carbon. The secondary steel making process involves trying to purify the molten steel. This can be achieved through addition or removal of components that make up the composition of steel. This includes stirring, ladle furnace, ladle injection, degassing and adjusting the composition of the molten iron by blowing oxygen through it. The continuous casting process involves molding the molten steel into thin shelled structures so that it can solidify. After solidifying, the tubings are reduced into the desired lengths according to the specifications. Primary forming involves shaping of the cast steel into diff erent shapes according to the specifications of the bicycle fork (Clifford 2013, p. 39). Finally, the bicycle fork is manufactured, fabricated and the exterior decoration done to attract the clients. The process of manufacturing includes: shaping, drilling, welding, galvanizing, tempering and carburizing. Choose two of the manufacturing processes that could be used for your component and explain why you believe them to be most suitable (clearly state any assumptions you have made to reach your conclusion (Welding and brazing) The molded parts that have been molded above are now ready to be used in the manufacturing of the fork. The parts will be joined together to make the fork. The blades will be fitted to the stem. The stem will be connected to the steering tube and then welded together to form the bicycle fork (Malcom 1995, p. 13). On the other hand, legs also welded to the blades and also brazing the crown. However, it is required to drill a hole close to the fork blades end for air expanding to run out during the brazing and welding processes. Finally, they are painted and polished as required Find a resource/s online that details/outlines the key equipment and steps involved in each of the two processes. Use this to construct a process map or flow chart for each manufacturing process. Resources required in the production of steel include: cast iron, coke and lime which are heated in blast furnaces to melt them. The process involved in welding involves connecting the components that had been manufactured from the cast iron. The tubing is achieved through being butted using the mandrel and die. The butted tubing is hydro formed to fork blade geometry. It is then annealed at 8650c before being oil quenched. It is then back tempered at 5700c before cooling at room temperature (Davis 1992, p. 28). It is then shipped. Brazing is a process that aims at strengthening the metals that have been combined (Sharma 2007,p. 34). Resources required during brazing include the filler, additional metal and a furnace that will be used to heat the metals and the filler together. The joining must adhere to good fitting that will enable proper capillary to take place. The metals will then be cleaned so that capillary will take place. The parts will then be fluxed before the metal will be assembled for brazing. After brazing, the area is cleaned so that it can obtain a clean surface area (Joseph 2001, p. 309). Use Microsoft excel and the cost equation below to construct a plot of the cost per component versus the number of components for both of the manufacturing processes for a range of production volumes from 1 to 100,000.. Identify which of your processes is the most cost effective for the range of production volumes examined The cost per unit as per ces software, Carbon 44+315/5+210/12 = $124.5 Titanium 26.2 + 315/4 +410/12 =138.2 Aluminium 2.49+ 315/5+210/12= 83.0 Steel 0.664 +315/6+210/13= 69.4 Steel is the most effective metal to be used in the manufacturing of the bicycle fork. It is readily available. The molding is easy as the equipment to mold it is readily available. It is highly durable as compared to titanium aluminium and carbon fibre. Steel has a high versatility compared to the other materials that were used to manufacture the bicycle forks (Kenneth, p. 113). Calculate the impact of doubling the production rate for a production volume of 10,000 components. Suggest and briefly explain one practical method to significantly increase the production rate of your process without the need to buy additional capital equipment Impact of doubling the production rete of a volume of 10000 components. The production rate can be increased by increasing the time that has been allocated for the manufacturing of the bicycle forks. The rate can also be increased by increasing the number of items that are supposed to be manufactured. This is facilitated by the discount that is given when the load being produced is relatively high compared to when one manufactures a few pieces of the bicycle fork. Application of modern technology e.g. the blast furnace instead of the traditional incinerators helps in reduction of cost of operation (David 2006, p. 332). Using the table provided by Ces, we will increase the production rate by 10.000 Materials/Properties Youngs modulus Cost Increased production rate by 10000 Carbon fiber 150 GPa 44.5 $US/kg 445000$US/kg Aluminium 82 GPa 2.49 $US /kg 24900$US/kg Titanium 120 GPa 26.2 $US /kg 262000$US/kg Steel 217 GPa 0.664 $US /kg 6640$US/kg References Ces software.Clifford S. Russell, William J Vaughn 2013:, Steel production processes, products and residuals. Second edition.Davis A. C. 1992:, The science and practice of welding.David O. Whitten, Bessie Emrick Whitten- 2006:, the birth of bid business in the United States. Second edition.Elena R. Dobrovinskayaa, Leonid A. Lytvynov, Valerian Pishchik:, 2009 sapphire: Material Manufacturing applicationGwo-Hshiung Tzeng, Jih-Jeng Huang 2016. Fuzzy Objective Decision MakingHarrison T. S. 1979. Handbook of analytical contro of iron and steel production. Hurst Robert 2013:, Bicycle commuter handbook. Second edition, a structured approach to design and manufacturing.John Marino, Lawrence May, Hal Zina Bennett, 1983: John Marinos Bicycling book. https://books.google.com/books Joseph R. Davis 2001:, copper and copper alloys. Proceedings of the third international brazing conference. Kenneth Warren 2001.:, Big steel: The first century of the United States steel corporationMalcolm Blair, Thomas L. Stevens 1995:, steel casting handbook, sixth edition Matt Seaton 2012:, Two wheels: Thoughts from the bicycle lane. Composite engineering handbook.Michael F. Ashby, Hugh Shercliff David Cebon 2013:, Materials: engineering, science, processing and design.Peter Morgan, 2005:, Carbon fibers and their composites. https://books.google.com/books Sharma P. C. 2007. Production technology. (Manufacturing processes and brazing)

Rural Advertising in India free essay sample

Rural markets acquired greater importance in countries like India, China, etc. because of economic growth of the nations now highly depend up on the rural economy. Corporate companies are struggling a lot to get more sales/profits in urban areas i. e. almost all the companies are saturated in urban areas. â€Å"Go rural and be rural† seems to be the guiding principle of marketing. In this context, companies are diversified all their operations toward rural areas. Most of the populations with unmet needs are living in rural areas. Companies should ensure that they understood the hopes and aspirations of the rural population. They should take into consideration the low literacy levels, poor reach of the media and widespread audience and the tradition and culture of the target groups while advertising their product. This paper is developed to discuss the concept and process of rural advertising in India and successful ads. Introduction Customers are the central point in every business. We will write a custom essay sample on Rural Advertising in India or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In present attracting and satisfying customer is more difficult than producing the goods. So seller has to make lot of efforts to attract and to persuade the persons to purchase his products and services. Advertising is an important means to influence the potential customers. Advertising influences customers’ attitudes and purchase behaviour. Advertisements increase brand-familiarity, develop brand-image and help the organization in increasing its market share. Advertising is used for communicating business information to the present and prospective customers. It provides information about the advertising firm, features of its products, qualities, place of availability of its products, different schemes offered, benefits of using its products etc. Advertising is important for both buyers and sellers. The simplest meaning of an advertisement is that it is a public announcement. The advertising is a paid form of non-personal communication with target audience through mass-media such as television, newspapers, magazines, telephone, internet, radio, direct-mail, outdoor displays. By looking at the challenges and the opportunities which rural markets offer to the marketers it can be said that the future is very promising for those who can understand the dynamics of rural markets and exploit them to their best advantage. A radical change in attitudes of marketers towards the vibrant and burgeoning rural markets is called for, so they can successfully impress on the 230 million rural consumers spread over approximately six hundred thousand villages in rural India. The rural market is very large in compare to the urban market as well as it is more challenging market. The consumer wants those products which are long lasting, good, easy to use and cheaper. The income level of rural consumers is not as high as the income level of urban consumers that’s why they want low price goods. It is one of the reasons that the sell of sachet is much larger in the rural area in all segments. Rural market has an untapped potential like rain but it is different from the urban market so it requires the different marketing strategies and marketer has to meet the challenges to be successful in rural market. The Indian advertising industry is talking business today. It has evolved from being a small-scale business to a full-fledged industry. It has emerged as one of the major industries and tertiary sectors and has broadened its horizons be it the creative aspect, the capital employed or the number of personnel involved. Indian advertising industry in very little time has carved a niche for itself and placed itself on the global map. The creative minds that the Indian advertising industry incorporates have come up with some mind-boggling concepts and work that can be termed as masterpieces in the field of advertising. Advertising agencies in the country too have taken a leap. They have come a long way from being small and medium sized industries to becoming well known brands in the business. Mudra, Ogilvy and Mathew (OM), Mccann Ericsonn, Rediffussion, Leo Burnett are some of the top agencies of the country. The Indian advertising today handles both national and international projects. This is primarily because of the reason that the industry offers a host of functions to its clients that include everything from start to finish that include client servicing, media planning, media buying, creative onceptualization, pre and post campaign analysis, market research, marketing, branding, and public relation services. Rural consumers are fundamentally different from their urban counterparts. The lower levels of literacy and limited exposure to product and services are well-known, but there are also differences in occupation options, with a direct impact on income levels and income flows, and a high level of inter-dependency affecting the dynamics of rural community behavior. All contribute to make rural consumer behavior starkly distinct from the urban. Rural marketing has become a greatest challenge to make goods available to the rural markets because of poor infrastructure and lack of understanding of rural consumers. Only 40 per cent of the villages in India were connected by roads and only one third of rural homes had electricity. The rural market in India has great potential, which is just waiting to be tapped. Progress has been made in this area by some, but there seems to be a long way for marketers to go in order to derive and reap maximum benefits. Moreover, rural India is not so poor as it used to be a decade or so back. Things are sure a changing. Companies should ensure that they understood the hopes and aspirations of the rural population. They should take into consideration the low literacy levels, poor reach of the media and widespread audience and the tradition and culture of the target groups while advertising their product. The communication package should be developed only after an in-depth study of the mindset of each rural region. However, while selling products to the rural population, companies should connect with the local people and make an attempt to understand their mindset. Rural communication was an integral part of rural marketing. But, most companies gave the concept of rural communication a step-motherly treatment. Companies needed to invest in the right communication methods aimed at specific target groups. Corporations and advertising agencies have started working in the rural area with a different approach as compared to urban areas, like puppet shows in Punjab, Folk media like Ragini in Haryana for communicating qualities of Virat cement, Pala and Daskathia in Orissa for promoting safe electricity consumption and tooth pastes of Colgate Palmolive, Baul songs in West Bengal for advertising insecticides are some of the examples. Britannia has entered in to the rural market by participating in rural melas and displaying its down market brand Britannia Tiger Biscuits. These rural melas and weekly haats have become more popular medium of rural advertising by the media planners. Through this arrangement they can break the saddle of scant geographical distribution of customers in rural markets as people of number of villages assemble together to participate in the fair. It is a good ground for brand awareness building, trial sales and sampling. It provides a wider audience at a fairly low cost. Companies like HLL, Titan and Colgate Palmolive use festivals like Rathyatra, umbhmela, and Onam for brand promotion. These companies are following a typical media schedule and are always in a march from one place to the other with our festival calendar and a collapsible arrangement of the exhibition setup. Companies can also use popular forms of entertainment like puppetry, nautanki, ragini, bhangra, qaualli and traditional dance shows to increase the brand experience. The companies can develop a story line relating to the brand and show the characters using the brands for their advantage and even the dresses of the characters can be that of the brand‘s packaging. Power of advertising Advertising is any paid form of non-personal presentation and promotion of products, services or concepts by an identified sponsor. Advertising has became our dominant creative industry – what Stuart Ewen calls ‘the prevailing vernacular of public address’. It sucks up our talent for art, design, creativity and storytelling. It has become such a routine part of everyday life that we rarely stop to think about its significance. For all their diversity, advertisements share one basic value system. Advertisements may be individually innocent;  collectively they are the propaganda wing of a consumerist ideology. The moral of the thousands of different stories they tell is that the only way to secure pleasure, popularity, security, happiness or fulfillment is through buying more; more consumption regardless of how much we already have. The research shows that a walk in the park, social interaction or volunteering – which cost nothing will do more for our well-being than any amount of ‘retail therapy’. Advertising, in that sense, pushes us towards maximizing our income rather than our free time. It pushes us away from activities that give pleasure and meaning to our lives towards an arena that cannot – what Sut Jhally calls ‘the dead world of things’. With the Rural advertising, it can reach more number to rural consumers and create potential market in rural areas. While designing advertisements for the rural audience, one must understand the mindset of the rural audience, keep the message simple and logical, and avoid making it gimmicky. The uses of â€Å"education with entertainment† and â€Å"slice of life† observations are good ideas. A good advertisement tells us we need something even before we think we do. It offers us a look into the ideal life, the ideal body, the ideal mate, all wrapped in an ideal world. In India, the advertising is mostly in English or Hindi and there is often the need for thinking out the advertising concepts and the brand image in the local language itself. Advertising in the local language in the absence of shortage of professionals, makes success of rural advertising campaigns difficult. It is a general assumption of advertising theory that advertising helps to create demand. It may be worth saying to what extent advertising creates demand, particularly in our rural society. A thorough understanding of the rural consumer is a crucial key to rural marketing success. Rural markets large diversity of customs and language into account. Ideas and techniques used in urban areas just won’t work for rural consumers Rural AD Agencies Major agencies dealing with rural marketing are Anugrah Madison, MART, Sampark, Rural Relations, OM Outreach, Linterland, RCM, etc. Madison Advertising Pvt Ltd: The company is 23 years old and is famous in this advertising sector. It deals in Advertising, Media, PR, Rural retail, entertainment, mobile and sports, business analytics. Browse the site for more information. Mudra Communication Pvt. Ltd: This is one of the renowned advertising company of India. This advertising organization was founded in the year 1980 at Mumbai. Recently the Ad company declared the addition of public relations,rural marketing,events etc. The head office of the company is in Bombay Area. Lintas India Pvt. Ltd: After the merge of Lintas India Ltd. with Lowe Lintas and Partners group of the UK, it is now known as Lowe Lintas. India Pvt. Ltd. The turnover of Lintas is Rs. 750 crore. The advertising agency inculcates advertising, media buying house, direct marketing, public relations, design consultancy, market research, events, rural communications and interactive communications. Enterprise Nexus, the agency partner of Lowe in India, continues to be a member and is known as the ‘Independent Brands’ division which is the only specialist in advertising and marketing communications. Lowe Lintas India is a successful agency which is inclined towards quality creative advertising and works for the benefit of its clients. Ogilvy and Mather Limited: The company was founded in 1928 and is based in Mumbai, India. Ogilvy Mather Pvt. , Ltd. operates as an advertising agency in India. The company in India operates with offices located in all the major cities. The company provides various marketing services through Web sites, Wed banners, email marketing, public relationships, radio, direct marketing, promotion, elemarketing, out door, packaging, rural communication, retail visibility and communication, television, and print ads sources. MART, the specialist rural marketing and rural development consultancy has found that 53 per cent of FMCG sales lie in the rural areas, as do 59 per cent of consumer durable sales, said its head Pradeep Kashyap at the seminar. Of two million BSNL mobile connections, 50 per cent went to small towns and villages, of 20 million Rediffmail subscriptions, 60 per cent came from small towns, so did half the transactions on Rediffs shopping site. Successful ADS: Hindustan Lever Limited (HLL) is a good example with successful rural marketing projects like ‘Project Shakti’ and ‘Operation Bharat’. The main emphasis of HLL’s strategy has been to focus on penetrating the market down the line and focusing on price point. Hindustan Lever relies heavily on its own company-organised media. These are promotional events organised by stockists. Coca Cola India entered the rural market by introducing bottles priced at Rs. 5. The campaign was backed with ads featuring well-known actor Aamir Khan. During the Aamir Khan ad-campaign, they also used local language in advertising. A combination of TV, cinema and radio was used to increase the reach to rural consumers. Coca Cola have also used banners and posters, and tapped many local forms of entertainment. Because of the common lack of electricity and refrigerators in rural areas, Coca Cola provides low-cost ice boxes — a tin box for new outlets and thermocool box for seasonal outlets. Guidelines of Rural Advertising Radio is one of the cheapest mass media to reach rural masses. Even where electricity is unreliable, transistor radios are very popular among the poorer sections of rural India. With the number of FM stations set to explode after expansion under Phase Three, it would be possible to reach even more remote areas through radio. Haats and melas tied to temple and religious festivals are great for promoting brands. While haats help in reaching a few thousand villagers from different villages in one place, melas attract lakhs of visitors across the State or across the country as in kumbh melas. They offer a variety of media opportunities in one place. However, it must be remembered that haats are gradually losing their importance in economically developed markets such as Tamil Nadu because of the tremendous progress made by small towns and their easy accessibility to villagers due to better and reliable transport facilities. Static media such as wall paintings, hoardings, shop fronts and point of sale continue to be useful as reminder media. So the messages are prominently displayed in bus stands, railway stations, on water tanks, wells and pump-sets in villages, as well as mobile media such as local buses, Visual Vans and auto-rickshaws etc. Conclusion In India, rural people’s wants, need and desires are changing rapidly, it is very important to know them and give them what they want. Now, rural market is geared for faster growth in the coming years and more sales potential. To attract rural target audience, corporate are developing different strategies. In this context rural advertising has become one of the important strategy in communicating message.

La premiere chambre civile de la Cour de Cassation Essays

La premiere chambre civile de la Cour de Cassation Essays La premiere chambre civile de la Cour de Cassation a rendu un arret le 25 janvier 2005 venant preciser les effets du divorce en matiere de cessation de bail. Dans cette affaire, un divorce est prononce aux torts exclusifs du mari. Le domicile de l'enfant mineur a ete fixe au domicile de la mere bien que l'autorite parentale sur celui ci soit partagee entre les epoux. La femme a fait appel de la decision de premiere instance afin de reclamer la concession d'un bail sur l'appartement servant de logement familiale, appartement indivis aux epoux. Non contente de la decision rendue par la cour d'appel qui decline sa demande, l'epouse forme alors un pourvoi en cassation. Elle avance, en effet, que la cour d'appel a viole les articles 285-1, 815 et suivants et 1709 du Code civil. Dans quelle mesure l'article 285-1 du code civil precise-t-il les consequences du divorce en matiere de cessation de bail? La cour de cassation confirme la decision de la cour d'appel dans la mesure ou elle considere que le moyen n'est pas fonde en sa premiere branche, a savoir que l'article 285-1 du code civil prevoit la cessation d'un bail dans le cas d'un bien indivis aux epoux, rendant ainsi sa seconde branche inoperante. Bien que le divorce pour faute est a l'origine de nombreux effets, ces derniers restent limites par loi, l'arret du 25 janvier 2005 va d'ailleurs a cet egard clarifier la position du legislateur quand a la cessation d'un bail indivis aux epoux, apres un divorce. I) Les limites aux effets du divorce pour faute A) Article 285-1: l'affaire de biens personnels Dans l'arret que nous etudions, l'epouse invoque l'article 285-1 du code civil, ce dernier prevoit que Si le local servant de logement a la famille appartient en propre ou personnellement a l'un des epoux, le juge peut le conceder a bail au conjoint qui exerce seul ou en commun l'autorite parentale sur un ou plusieurs de leurs enfants lorsque ceux-ci resident habituellement dans ce logement et que leur interet le commande.. La loi semble tres claire en ce qui concerne la cessation d'un bail, en effet elle prevoit cet acte que dans le cas ou le local est un bien propre a un des epoux et non indivis. Or l'epouse qui a recours a la justice estime que l'article 285-1 admet la concession d'un bail aussi bien dans le cas ou le local est un bien propre que indivis aux epoux. C'est en ce sens qu'elle concoit que les juges du fond ont viole l'article 285-1 du code civil. B) La souverainete des juges du fond En vu de l'article 285-1 il est prevu que Le juge fixe la duree du bail et peut le renouveler jusqu'a la majorite du plus jeune des enfants. Le juge peut resilier le bail si des circonstances nouvelles le justifient.. C'est en ce sens que les juges du fond doivent mettre en uvre leur appreciation souveraine afin de determiner quel jugement sera le meilleur pour les ou l'enfant en attendant leur majorite. L'epouse invoque une violation de cet article du code civil par les juges du fond dans la mesure ou elle considere que le bail peut etre concede aux dela de la majorite de l'enfant afin de lui permettre une situation stable et la bonne poursuite de ses etudes. Elle estime alors que les juges du fond n'ont pas apprecie, a sa bonne valeur, son cas et qu'ils auraient du lui admettre la cessation du bail de l'appartement afin d'assurer la perennite de la vie des enfants. II) L'arret du 25 janvier 2005et la clarification de l'article 285-1. A) La portee jurisprudentielle de l'arret Jusqu'au 25 janvier 2005 l'article 285-1 du code civil ne precisait aucunement le cas ou le bail est un bien indivis aux epoux. Aucun arret n'etait venu poser la question de la cessation d'un bail indivis aux epoux mais l'arret que nous etudions vient clarifier ce point dans la mesure ou il edicte que la cessation d'un bail dans le cas d'un divorce n'est possible que si le bien appartient a un des deux epoux et non s'il est indivis. Cet arret du 25 janvier 2005 a donc vocation a regler a l'avenir ce probleme s'il la

The Difference Between Dragonflies and Damselflies

The Difference Between Dragonflies and Damselflies No other insects symbolize summer quite like the group of colorful, primitive-looking predatory insects we generally call dragonflies. In the late summer garden, they resemble tiny animal fighter jets, fierce-looking but also beautiful and fascinating.   In reality, these members of the insect order Odonata include not only the true dragonflies but also a closely related group known as damselflies. The order includes roughly 5,900 species, of which about 3,000 are dragonflies (suborder  Epiprocta, infraorder  Anisoptera), and about 2,600  are damselflies (suborder  Zygoptera). Dragonflies and damselflies are both predatory flying insects that look primitive and ancient because they are: fossil records show prehistoric species that are quite similar to modern species, although considerably larger. Modern dragonflies and damselflies are most prevalent in tropical regions, but some species can be found in almost every part of the world except for the polar regions.   Physical Characteristics Taxonomists divide the  Odonata  into three suborders:  Zygoptera, the damselflies;  Anisoptera, the dragonflies; and  Anisozygoptera, a group somewhere in between the two. However, the  Anisozygoptera  suborder includes only two living species found in India and Japan, which are rarely encountered by most people. Dragonflies and damselflies are often confused with one another because they  share many characteristics, including membranous wings, large eyes, slender bodies, and small antennae.  But there are also clear differences  between dragonflies and damselflies, outlined in the table below. In general, dragonflies are studier, thicker-bodied insects, while damselflies have longer, thinner bodies. Once the obvious differences  are learned- eyes, body, wings, and resting position- most people find it fairly easy to identify the insects  and tell them apart. More serious students of the odonates may want to examine the subtle differences in wing cells and abdominal appendages. Both dragonflies and damselflies are seen in a wide range of sizes and colors. Colors may be dull or brightly metallic hues of greens and blues. Damselflies have the widest range of sizes, with wingspans ranging from about 3/4 inch (19  mm) in some species to 7 1/2 inches (19 cm) in larger species. Some fossil Odonata ancestors have wingspans of more than 28 inches. Life Cycle Dragonflies and damselflies lay their eggs in or near water. Hatched larvae go through a series of molts as they grow, and begin predatory feeding on the larvae of other insects and on small aquatic animals as they move toward the adult stage. The Odonata larvae themselves also serve as an important food source for fish, amphibians, and birds. Larval dragonflies and damselflies reach adulthood in as little as three  weeks or as long as eight years, depending on species. They go through no pupal stage, but near the end of the larval stage, the insects begin to develop wings, which emerge as useable flight organs after the last molt of the larval stage. The adult flying stage, which can last as long as nine  months, is marked by predatory feeding on other insects, mating, and finally laying eggs in water or moist, boggy areas. During the adult stage, dragonflies and damselflies are largely immune to predators, except for some birds. Not only do these insects pose no danger to humans, but they consume large quantities of mosquitoes, gnats, and other biting insects. Dragonflies and damselflies are visitors we should welcome to our gardens.   Differences Between Dragonflies and Damselflies Characteristic Dragonfly Damselfly Eyes Most have eyes that touch, or nearly touch, at the top of the head Eyes are clearly separated, usually appearing to each side of the head Body Usually stocky Usually long and slender Wing Shape Dissimilar wing pairs, with hind wings broader at the base All wings similar in shape Position at Rest Wings held open, horizontally or downwards Wings held closed, usually over the abdomen Discal Cell Divided into triangles Undivided, quadrilateral Male Appendages Pair of superior anal appendages, single inferior appendage Two pairs of anal appendages Female Appendages Most have vestigial ovipositors Functional ovipositors Larvae Breathe through rectal tracheal gills; stocky bodies Breathe through caudal gills; slender bodies

Critique Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Critique - Assignment Example , (2011), in order to effectively determine the NBO, it is important to collect personal data about the customers from their names, sizes, physical address, phone numbers, occupation, salary range, number of children, ages of the children and of the customer among many others. All these can be collected from their social media and personal data on file in the online stores and then use the same to predict their purchase context and pricing range of their shopping and products. A perfect example provided in the article is where a person purchasing diapers can have an NBO of wipes, powder, beer among others all of which accompany the baby products which the person is in need of without realizing it. In order to know the customer even before they make the purchase of the items, it is important to examine their buyer behavior first a few times in order to get a grip about what they like to purchase, in what quality and quantity, their favorite or preferred brand and the duration between one purchase and the next (Kotler & Armstrong, 2015). All these is important to predict the buyer behavior and hence be in a position to offer then an NBO the next time they are online just as a way to not only advertise the products but tempt them on what else they might need. Once enough personal data has been gathered about a shopper, the next step is to execute the advertisement and promotion. The person may start receiving the NBOs in their emails; receiving phone calls about the same, notifications in their social media accounts among other online places they frequently visit (Davenport, Mule & Lucker, 2011). All these are in an attempt to make them purchase more than what they need or have planned for or make them aware of new product in the market, new prices and even new promotional offers (Kotler & Armstrong, 2015). In order to make it even more interesting and tempting, numerous discounts and advantages such as reward points can be provided which can then be redeemed in

International Financial Management final Assignment

International Financial Management final - Assignment Example The Swiss franc’s value and euro’s value are expected to be $0.83 and $1.29 respectively, at the end this year. What are the expected dollar cash flows of Live Co? 6. Assuming the bid rate of a New Zealand dollar is $.36 while the ask rate is $.365 at Bank X. Assume the bid rate of the New Zealand dollar is $.33 while the ask rate is $.34 at Bank Y. Given this information, what would be your gain if you use $1,000,000 and execute locational arbitrage? That is, how much will you end up with over and above the $1,000,000 you started with? 7. Briefly explain the theory of interest rate parity. If interest rate parity holds what type of arbitrage is not feasible? You may wish to utilize a chart to explain when arbitrage opportunities exist and who can take advantage of the arbitrage. The theory of interest rate parity entails a situation where the difference of interest rates between two given countries is equal to the difference of spot exchange rate and the forward exchange rate. Thus, if the theory of interest rate parity holds, an arbitrage will not be feasible if the spot exchange rate and forward exchange rate markets are in state of equilibrium. In contrast, if the spot exchange rate and forward exchange rate markets are in state of equilibrium, the arbitrage will be feasible. 8. Assume that Mexico’s inflation rate is lower than the U.S. inflation rate. This will cause U.S. consumers to increase their imports from Mexico and Mexican consumers to reduce their imports from the U.S. According to purchasing power parity (PPP), this will result in a depreciation of the Mexico Peso. 9. The interest rate in the U.K. is 4%, while the interest rate in the U.S. is 5%. The spot rate for the British pound is $1.50. According to the international Fisher effect (IFE), the British pound should adjust to a new level of: The British

Toyota Motor Manufacturing, USA, Inc. Essay Example for Free

Toyota Motor Manufacturing, USA, Inc. Essay 1.If you were Doug Friesen, where would you focus attention and what would you do to address the seat problem?One of the first things that I would do is to determine if the process that is being used to solve the problems with defective seats is the best method to use, especially since it doesnt follow the TPS method of stopping production, trying to figure out why the problem occurred and how to prevent it from happening again, fixing the defect, and restraining production. Also, I would take a look at the communication between the seat supplier, Kentucky Framed Seat (KFS) and the plant, if there a miscommunication of some sort. One other issue to be looked at is why the cars are sitting in the overflow parking lot for so long. KFS was making special deliveries of new seats twice a day, but there were cars with defective seats still sitting in the lot for over four days. Another issue that also must be looked at is the problem caused by cross-threading and the breaking of the hook, also the deliveries of wrong seats by KFS. I would also go to the KFS plant and watch the production lines and see if there are any easily noticeable problems. Then I can go and watch the team who installs the seats and make sure there are no problems there. Overall I will need to find the root of the problem. 2.What options exist? What would you recommend and why?One solution to the problem could be that employees can spend more time on installing the seats in the way they would fit, the bolt through the hook with more caution. Another option could be to redesign the seat to resolve the problem with the breaking of the hook. Even though Mr. Friesen has looked into this and found out that it would cost KFS $50,000 to redesign the seat, the question is how long it would take to recover that cost and is it really worth it. A third option could be to rework the off-line process since something needs to be done to reduce the number of cars sitting at the overflow lot for a long time. Last but not least, Mr. Friesen could adjust the seat assembly team by determining if there are any new employees, any changes in the processes or if more training that needs to be done. 3. What is the real problem facing Doug Friesen?The real problem is the fact  that the cars are sitting in the overflow lot for too long which is causing a 10% drop off in run ratio from 95% to 85% which is very significant and it causes a shortfall of 45 cars per shift thus making overtime a necessity to meet their goals. There appears to be a problem with handling the cars through the off-line process. Mr. Friesen needs to determine whether the increase in the number of cars sitting in the lot is caused by the process used for defective seats, the overall off-line process, or the suppliers ability to meet Toyotas standards and needs. Also, the production process as a whole contributes to the seat problem because currently the plant is overloaded and the workers suffer from overtime. Toyota would have a very hard time succeeding if this problem continues to slow down their production times and a solution needs to be worked out quickly and effectively.

Team Dynamics - Conflict Resolution Strategies Essay -- Conflict Team

Team Dynamics - Conflict Resolution Strategies People work in groups or teams everyday whether in their career, education, political organization, church, or any other social setting. Conflict while working in teams or groups is inevitable. When taking people of different backgrounds, personalities, moral, and ethical beliefs and putting them together in a group, conflict will arise. The key to achieving your team goals is to construct and conquer your goals with keeping the greater good of the team in mind. Conflict as it arises should be combated and abated through swift and thorough resolution techniques. When dealt with properly conflict resolution can give rise to a cohesive and productive team. What Is Conflict? Conflict as defined by Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary is a competitive or opposing action of incompatibles: antagonistic state or action (as of divergent ideas, interest, or persons), Mental struggle resulting from incompatible or opposing needs, drives, wishes, or external or internal demands. Simply put conflict is the disagreement and disharmony that occurs in groups when differences are expressed regarding ideas, methods, and/ or members (Engleberg, Wynn, and Schuttler, 2003). Conflict among teams or groups develops in many ways. In developing an effective team, members will generally experience the five stages of evolution: Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, and Adjourning. The storming and norming stages deal with the process of conflict (storming) and resolution (norming). During the storming stage, exact conflict has not yet been identified and therefore chaos, disorganization, and disputes are apparent. The Norming stage is where conflict is identified and deal t with and resolutio... ...tified and dealt with accordingly. References DeJanasz, S. C., Dowd, K. O., & Schneider, B. Z. (2002). Interpersonal Skills in Organizations. New York: McGraw- Hill. pp. 309- 329. DeJanasz, S. C., Dowd, K. O., & Schneider, B. Z. (2002). Interpersonal Skills in Organizations. New York: McGraw- Hill. pp. 371- 393, 241- 259. Engleberg, I., Wynn, D., & Schuttler, R., (2003). Working in Groups: Communication Principles and Strategies (3rd ed.) Boston: Houghton- Mifflin. pp. 146- 170. Kreitner, R., & Kinicki, A., (2004). Organizational Behavior (6th ed.). New York: McGraw- Hill/Irwin. pp. 406- 441. Parker, G., (2003). Cross- Functional Teams: Working with Allies, Enemies, and Other Strangers. San Francisco: Jossey- Bass. pp. 170- 194. Stewart, G., Manz, C., & Sims, H., (1999). Teamwork and Group Dynamics. New York: Wiley. pp. 70- 125. Team Dynamics - Conflict Resolution Strategies Essay -- Conflict Team Team Dynamics - Conflict Resolution Strategies People work in groups or teams everyday whether in their career, education, political organization, church, or any other social setting. Conflict while working in teams or groups is inevitable. When taking people of different backgrounds, personalities, moral, and ethical beliefs and putting them together in a group, conflict will arise. The key to achieving your team goals is to construct and conquer your goals with keeping the greater good of the team in mind. Conflict as it arises should be combated and abated through swift and thorough resolution techniques. When dealt with properly conflict resolution can give rise to a cohesive and productive team. What Is Conflict? Conflict as defined by Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary is a competitive or opposing action of incompatibles: antagonistic state or action (as of divergent ideas, interest, or persons), Mental struggle resulting from incompatible or opposing needs, drives, wishes, or external or internal demands. Simply put conflict is the disagreement and disharmony that occurs in groups when differences are expressed regarding ideas, methods, and/ or members (Engleberg, Wynn, and Schuttler, 2003). Conflict among teams or groups develops in many ways. In developing an effective team, members will generally experience the five stages of evolution: Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, and Adjourning. The storming and norming stages deal with the process of conflict (storming) and resolution (norming). During the storming stage, exact conflict has not yet been identified and therefore chaos, disorganization, and disputes are apparent. The Norming stage is where conflict is identified and deal t with and resolutio... ...tified and dealt with accordingly. References DeJanasz, S. C., Dowd, K. O., & Schneider, B. Z. (2002). Interpersonal Skills in Organizations. New York: McGraw- Hill. pp. 309- 329. DeJanasz, S. C., Dowd, K. O., & Schneider, B. Z. (2002). Interpersonal Skills in Organizations. New York: McGraw- Hill. pp. 371- 393, 241- 259. Engleberg, I., Wynn, D., & Schuttler, R., (2003). Working in Groups: Communication Principles and Strategies (3rd ed.) Boston: Houghton- Mifflin. pp. 146- 170. Kreitner, R., & Kinicki, A., (2004). Organizational Behavior (6th ed.). New York: McGraw- Hill/Irwin. pp. 406- 441. Parker, G., (2003). Cross- Functional Teams: Working with Allies, Enemies, and Other Strangers. San Francisco: Jossey- Bass. pp. 170- 194. Stewart, G., Manz, C., & Sims, H., (1999). Teamwork and Group Dynamics. New York: Wiley. pp. 70- 125.

Outline and Evaluate the Reasons for the Growing Popularity Essay

Outline and evaluate the reasons for the growing popularity of alternative medicine Alternative medicine is a term that is used to describe medical practices that are different from accepted forms and is used instead of orthodox medicine (Hunt and Lightly, 1999). This term was given to these types of medical practices by the bio-medical model which reflects their power. However, recently it has been become ‘Complementary’ which shows the increasing acceptance of this type of medicine; this now marks a shift from seeing alternatives as in opposition to modern medicine to recognising that they can support orthodox treatment. This type of medicine has a Holistic approach, meaning that it treats the mind as well as the body, unlike the bio-medical model which could be a reason as to why more and more people use certain forms of complementary medicine. Alternative medicine has always been popular in Eastern societies; for example, treatments like Fire Cupping originate from China and over time have becoming increasingly popular in the West. According to a study in 2007, Britons spent ? 91 million on alternative medicine in that year alone and has been suggested that that figure has gone up by 32% in the past five years. Another reason as to why this form of medicine has become largely more popular in Western societies is that GPs and hospitals will often refer people to them if they feel that the bio-medical model can’t help them. Similarly, the NHS will refer to this form of medicine as ‘Complementary’, which shows that they no longer see it as a threat to their form of health care. According to Sharma (1992) the most popular forms on Complementary medicine are Herbalism, Osteopathy and Homeopathy. This could be down to the fact that these ones are the most successful in their treatment, or on the other hand it could be that celebrities have made it into some form of ‘Popular Culture’ in which the masses feel they should also try out. There are a significant amount of reasons as to why there has been a growth in the popularity of alternative/complementary medicine over the last decade. According to Bivins (2007) the popularity of bio-medicine suited a population under permanent threat of infectious diseases. Whereas today, patients’ needs have changed due to the fact that certain chronic conditions have risen which has in turn led to disappointment towards industrial medicine as it is shows that orthodox medicine doesn’t give people other options; it is limited in its treatments. Furthermore, industrial medicine is significantly impersonal compared to complementary medicine which could be another reasons as to why people are choosing alternate forms of health care. On the other hand, Hunt and Lightly (1999) suggest that it could be down to the fact that there are a growing number of people in the population which simply needs/wants to be different and experiment. Illich would put forward his theory of ‘iatrogenesis’ (when medicine does more harm than good), saying that people are concerned about the unpleasant side-effects of drugs and the interventionist nature of medical practice which has been proven by surveys taken out. Another minor issue could be that people now demand for patient input; regarding complementary medicine, the doctor and the patient talk and together come up with solutions; the patient isn’t treated passive and isn’t talked to. According to Bakx (1991) the decline in the cultural dominance of biomedicine and the medical profession has resulted in the re-emergence of the plurality of alternative approached to health. Stanway would refute this view and suggest that people ‘simply want to experiment’. He would also say that this could be down to philosophical/religious reservations about what is being offered. Orthodox medicine have a ‘body dualism’ approach instead of a Holistic approach in which alternative medicine does take; they take into account everything to do with the patients life, whether that be physical or emotional or psychological problems. However, Coward (1989) would refute both models of health saying that they ‘tend to stress that health problems are individual, both in terms of the causes and the cures’. He would say that this ignores the wider social factors that cause ill health, such as poverty, job-related stress and pollution. He would also say that many of the treatments haven’t been tested in the ways that conventional medicine has, so it hasn’t met the ‘Peer Review criteria’ which therefore brings into account the â€Å"Placebo Affect† suggesting that these treatments make people believe that they are feeling better when actually it is all fake. This suggests that the rising popularity of contemporary medicine is ‘fake’ and that the medicine doesn’t actually do anything, but because people think it does they are using it more and more. He would also state that if people on rely on alternative medicine it could be dangerous in the case of serious diseases like Cancer and AIDS where conventional treatments are more effective. Fulder would agree with Coward here and question whether alternative practitioners are prepared to take sole responsibility for their patients when regarding chronic diseases and whether they would refer them to the bio-medical models’ treatment or keep them in their own hands. According to a survey done by Fulder and Monro, it was suggested that the kind of people who use alternative medicine are more likely to be middle class, female and young to middle-aged. Some would argue that this is because alternative medicine can be expensive, and also because women often go to the doctors more than men they are now turning to complementary treatments in hope that (for example) their period pains, morning sickness etc will be sorted by other forms of medicine. To conclude, there are a number of reasons as to why there is a growing popularity of alternative medicine and there isn’t one clear cut answer.

Public Sector Policies & Issues in Management Assignment Essay

The part of the economy concerned with providing basic government services. The composition of the public sector varies by country, but in most countries the public sector includes such services as the police, military, public roads, public transit, primary education and healthcare for the poor. The public sector might provide services that non-payer cannot be excluded from (such as street lighting), services which benefit all of society rather than just the individual who uses the service (such as public education), and services that encourage equal opportunity. Public sector as a boon (1) Employment: Various public sectors operating in India needs lot of manpower & this provide employment to unlimited individuals according to their education, experience & abilities. (2) Economic Development: Economic development mainly depends upon industrial development. Heavy & basic industries like iron & steel, shipping, mining, etc. are required for supplying raw materials to small industries. Huge capital is required for establishment of such heavy & basic industries. This capital required for these industries is easily & readily made available by public sector but it is practically not possible for a private sector to run these industries. (3) Sound Infrastructure: Rapid industrial growth in a country needs sound infrastructure. Infrastructural industries require huge capital for construction of Roads, Railways, Electricity & many such industries. Private sector is unable to have such huge capital & that also without any high return but public sector can easily afford to provide all infrastructural facilities. (4) Protection to Sick Industries: Public sector, to prevent sick unit closing down, takes over their responsibility & prevent many people from getting unemployed not only this but it prevents unnecessary locking of capital, land, building, machinery, etc. (5) Regional Development: Private sector usually neglect backward area. But public sector organizations set up their units in economically backward areas. By this public sector removes regional imbalance & brings regional development. (6) Government Control: Public sector is wholly controlled & managed by the Board of Directors or other officers appointed by government. (7) Service Motive: Public sector organizations are working with the only motive of providing public utility services to society at large irrespective of profit. (8) Monopoly: Public sector is purely government monopoly. It does not face any type of competition from any private sector. Public sector is working on monopoly, semi-monopoly or oligopoly basis. (9) Modal Employer: Like a good parent, public sector is very much concerned with its employees. It take proper care of its employees & provides job security, sound wages, proper working conditions, training and welfare facilities. (10) Economies of Operation: Public sector due to its large scale operations enjoys economies of large scale operation. Public sector as a bane (1) Inefficiency: Inefficiency results due to the size of the organization. (2) Incentives: There is a lack of incentive for employees to perform if there is no share in the profit or there is an absence of other motivators such as productivity bonuses – accelerated promotion; (this factor can also apply in the private sector if the employee is not given any incentive to perform). (3) Interference: Political interference can occur. They interfere with the free market forces. Hence, Public sector is a Boon to the Indian economy. The Public Sector Enterprises have been the mainstay of the Indian economy and were set up with the purpose to achieve self-sufficiency in production of goods/ services serve the broad macro-economic objectives of higher economic growth facilitate long term equilibrium in balance of payments and Ensure stability in prices and create benchmarks for prices of essential items The government-owned corporations play a pivotal role in the economic development of emerging economies because their participation is higher in the industrial and commercial activities of these economies. Resource constraints and limited scope of the private sector in the early stages of development and planning have set the stage for predominance of the public enterprises in these economies. Thus, public sectors in the leading developing countries of the world (including the countries in the BRIC region) play a very important role. Investments in public sector enterprises have also been greater and have continued to accelerate growth in core sectors of a developing economy (such as railways, telecommunications, nuclear power, defence etc. ). Many a times, public enterprises were created to operate in areas of national and international trade, consultancy, inland, and overseas communication and construction services; as a result, overall profits of the public sector have not been restricted to certain sectors. In other words, the public sector is a heterogeneous combination of basic infrastructure industries, industries engaged in providing trade services, consumer goods industries, etc. Role and Relevance of public Vs private sector in current economic scenario In the earlier lessons you have studied about the various forms of business organization existing under private ownership or in private sector. By private sector, we mean, economic and social activities undertaken privately by a single individual or group of individuals. They prefer to do business in private sector basically to earn profit. On the other hand public sector refers to economic and social activities undertaken by public authorities. The enterprises in public sector are set up with the main aim of protecting public interest. Profit earning comes next. Besides the difference in the objective, the enterprises in both these sectors also differ in many other aspects. In this section let us know the differences between the enterprises of public sector and private sector. Role of Central Public Sector Enterprises Infrastructure: Public sector has made a very valuable contribution in the development of a strong infrastructure and the provision of social and economic overheads, which is an essential precondition for rapid economic growth. This includes development of transport and communication, power, irrigation, education, research and training public health services, housing etc. Strong Industrial Base: Public sector has also made a notable contribution in laying the foundation of strong industrial base. The development of basic and key industries, has all along taken place in the public sector, These industries include iron and steel, heavy machinery, heavy engineering, heavy electronics, heavy chemicals, minerals and oil, cement, fertilizers, etc. The development of these industries in the public sector has laid the foundation of a strong rapid and broad-based industrial growth and has enabled the country to attain self-reliance in a number of industrial items. Export Promotion: Some public enterprises have done much to promote Indian exports. The state trading corporations and the minerals and metals trading corporations have done a wonderful job of promoting exports in all parts of the world. Hindustan steel ltd, the Bharat Electronics ltd are some of the public enterprises which are exporting increasing proportion of their output and earning foreign exchange. Role of Private Sector Enterprises The private sector is usually composed of organizations that are privately owned and not part of the government. These usually includes corporations (both profit and non-profit), partnerships, and charities. The importance of private sector in Indian economy has been very commendable in generating employment and thus eliminating poverty. Further, it also effected the following – Increased quality of life Increased access to essential items Increased production opportunities Lowered prices of essential items Increased value of human capital Improved social life of the middle class Indian Decreased the percentage of people living below the poverty line in India Changed the age old perception of poor agriculture based country to a rising manufacturing based country Effected increased research and development activity and spending Effected better higher education facilities especially in technical fields Ensured fair competition amongst market players Dissolved the concept of monopoly and thus neutralized market manipulation practices Basis of difference Private sector enterprises Public sector enterprises 1. Objective Maximisation of profit. Maximise social welfare and ensure balanced economic development. 2. Ownership Owned by individuals. Owned by Government. 3. Management Managed by owner and Managed by Government. professional managers.

Swing is Back essays

Swing is Back essays The scene: A crowded dance floor. Its dark, the fans are dressed wildly, the music is blaring, and the dancers are going crazy. Its the year 2002. Normally, in this situation, youd expect the music to be some kind of rock, alternative, or even country. However, the music is swing, and the fans are all between the ages of sixteen and thirty-something (aside from a few elderly people sitting in the back and enjoying the music), followers of a recent movement aptly labeled neo-swing. This recent craze of swing music is one that is getting larger all the time. After swing music lost its popularity in the late postwar 1940 s, nobody really expected it to make a comeback. They were wrong. The movement is larger than was ever expected, and still growing. Popular mostly with a generation labeled X, swing music is much more than just music. Its about retro clothing, a new, more laid-back attitude, a dance that lets young people let loose, and the fusion of classic big-band sounds from the old Swing Era with new music. Before one can really understand swing musics recent popularity, its important to know about the Swing Era of the 1930s - 1950s. With names like Benny Goodman, Duke Ellington, Count Basie, Cab Calloway, and Glen Miller, swing music evolved from classic jazz in the late 1930s/early 1940s. Back then, swing music served as a cultural escape from World War II and the seriousness of the times. Its own unique language, dance steps, and call and response rhythms created a subculture that immersed its participants emotionally and physically in the music. However, when the war ended, so did the cultures interest in swing (Mahoney). Today, many people are wondering, Why has swing become popular again? It was gone fifty years ago! Many of the same reasons for its original popularity apply to the recent craze. ...

How to Prove Your Family Tree Connections

How to Prove Your Family Tree Connections There is nothing more frustrating to a genealogist than locating details on an ancestor in a published book, Web page, or database, only to later find that the information is full of errors and inconsistencies. Grandparents are often linked as parents, women bear children at the tender age of 6, and often entire branches of a family tree are attached based on nothing more than a hunch or guess. Sometimes you may not even discover the problems until sometime later, leading you to spin your wheels struggling to confirm inaccurate facts, or researching ancestors who arent even yours. What can we as genealogists do to: Make sure that our family histories are as well-researched and accurate as possible.Educate others so that all of these inaccurate family trees dont continue to procreate and multiply? How can we prove our family tree connections and encourage others to do the same? This is where the Genealogical Proof Standard established by the Board for Certification of Genealogists comes in. Genealogical Proof Standard As outlined in Genealogy Standards by the Board for Certification of Genealogists, the Genealogical Proof Standard consists of five elements: A reasonably exhaustive search for all pertinent informationA complete and accurate citation to the source of each item usedAnalysis of the collected informations quality as evidenceResolution of any conflicting or contradictory evidenceArrive at a soundly reasoned, coherently written conclusion A genealogical conclusion that meets these standards can be considered proved. It may still not be 100% accurate, but it is as close to accurate as we can attain given the information and sources available to us. Sources, Information Evidence When collecting and analyzing the evidence to prove your case, it is important first to understand how genealogists use sources, information, and evidence. Conclusions which meet the five elements of the Genealogical Proof Standard will generally continue to hold as true, even if new evidence is uncovered. The terminology used by genealogists is also a little different than what you may have learned in history class. Instead of using the terms primary source and secondary source, genealogists quantify the difference between sources (original or derivative) and the information that is derived from them (primary or secondary).   Original vs. Derivative SourcesReferring to the provenance of the record, original sources are records that contribute written, oral, or visual information not derived- copied, abstracted, transcribed, or summarized- from another written or oral record. Derivative sources are, by their definition, records which have been derived- copied, abstracted, transcribed, or summarized- from previously existing sources. Original sources usually carry more weight than derivative sources.Primary vs. Secondary InformationReferring to the quality of the information contained within a particular record, primary information comes from records created at or near the time of an event with information contributed by a person who had reasonably close knowledge of the event. Secondary information, by contrast, is information found in records created a significant amount of time after an event occurred or contributed by a person who was not present at the event. Primary information usually carries more we ight than secondary information. Direct vs. Indirect EvidenceEvidence only comes into play when we ask a question and then consider whether the information found in a particular record answers that question. Direct evidence is information that directly answers your question (e.g., When was Danny born?) without a need for other evidence to explain or interpret it. Indirect evidence, on the other hand, is circumstantial information that requires additional evidence or thought to convert it into a reliable conclusion. Direct evidence usually carries more weight than indirect evidence. These classes of sources, information, an original source, and evidence are rarely as clear-cut as they sound since information found in one particular source can be either primary or secondary. For example, a source containing primary information directly relating to the death may also provide secondary information regarding items such as the deceaseds date of birth, parents names, and even childrens names. If the information is secondary, it will have to be further assessed based on who provided that information (if known), whether or not the informant was present at the events in question, and how closely that information correlates with other sources.

Chain of Command Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Chain of Command - Coursework Example Fortune 500 company and the federal government of the United States are seen to have many similarities when it comes to the chain of command of both these entities. The federal government has several executive branches which primarily act as advisors of the president and also help him to veto certain issues. The Vice President and fifteen executive branches are currently acting as these advisors for the president of America. Same is the case with the Fortune 500 company where it can be seen that a CEO is operating as a sole leader of the company who has several departments under him who act on his discretion. These departments and individuals under him act as the advisors of the CEO and can help him take decisions. Chief Operating Officer acts as a primary advisor of the CEO of Fortune 500 who can make him act in the best interest of the company just like the vice president. The Managing Director then comes in the branch who informs about the condition of the company to the COO or CE O along with the General Manager. The supervisors then form individual departments like that of electors in the federal government. The employees are then working in the company who help to carry out actions. These employees are the same as the employees working under the executive branches of the federal government. The shareholders in a multinational corporation act as the members of Senate in a cabinet. The members of the senate can reject a proposal by the president or accept it when it comes to the interest of federal government whereas the shareholders can also reject or accept the proposal given by the CEO. The difference between these two entities is that these two work in a different manner. Fortune 500 does not have to care much about the general public whereas the Federal Government has to keep everything in mind. The authority of the federal government is much more than the Fortune 500. The federal

Allocation of Funds in the DOE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Allocation of Funds in the DOE - Essay Example This document will show the reasons for the re-allocation of the monies toward viable sources of energy, and will also outline the importance of energy conservation as a tool in adjusting from hydrocarbon fuel sources to the alternative energy source formats. Current Distribution of Funds, in millions, for 2011 Projected Distribution of Funds, in millions, for 2012 $100M Nuclear Energy $100M Nuclear Energy $145M Fossil Fuels $45M Fossil Fuels, until projected phase-out $75M Alternative Energy Sources ($40M for Hydrogen and Fuel Cells) ($90M for Hydrogen and Fuel Cells) ($15M for Solar Energy) ($10M for Wind) ($25M for Wind) ($10M for Biomass) ($0 for Water Power) ($40M for Water Power) $30M Energy Conservation and Weatherization $50M Energy Conservation and Weatherization Our planet is in crisis. We are technologically more advanced than ever, but our advancement comes at a price. We need to face the reality that our energy consumption is far exceeding the fuel resources we are using to sustain our lifestyle. Wood, coal, petroleum - each resource we have employed since we discovered how to turn energy into power has become a part of the global problem which it is now too late to solve: how do we save our planet from ourselves? In reviewing the alternatives for energy sources and the technologies currently exploring those alternatives it is my recommendation, based upon the book The End of Oil by Paul Roberts, that the following areas merit the bulk of the available funds: Energy Conservation and Weatherization, Nuclear Energy, and of the alternative energy sources that have been explored, Hydrogen and Fuel Cells. The abundance of a given resource is a deciding factor in determining which technologies merit funding. The question is which resource will carry us the farthest, making it the most worthy of investment? Let us consider the merits of the various resources, starting with coal, which falls under the category of fossil fuels. Coal was literally the corner stone of the Industrial Revolution at the turn of the last century. (27, Roberts) However, in the twenty-first century, with a century of pollution having adulterated our environment, Roberts points out that we have no choice but to consider cleaner sources of energy. Coal did, however, replace wood as an energy source, and it was able to achieve a technological leap previously impossible with wood: â€Å"Newcomen’s engine took the process one step further, by converting the heat energy from combustion into the physical, or mechanical, energy of work.† (28) Still, as a renewable energy source, it is found lacking. Coal and other fossil fuels are finite resources, making them unworthy of further financial investment. The Department of Energy is hereby charged with managing the re-allocation of funds to renewable sources of energy. The Department of Energy must also utilize the re-allocated funds in the Energy Conservation category to maximum advantage, for the following reason: â€Å"Changing our energy sources has historically been a highly disruptive process.† (15, author) This is to say that whenever people have negotiated the transition from one energy source to another, the change is slow to take effect because the existing technology works best with the resources currently

Health Care Communications Methods Nursing Home Option 1 Research Paper

Health Care Communications Methods Nursing Home Option 1 - Research Paper Example Therefore, as an administrator of the nursing home, he or she has the responsibility to arrange how these patients are going to enjoy their rights to medication. Therefore, the administrator has to choose communication method that will be effective to every resident either traditional, electronic or social media method. Ancient communication involves using brochures, pamphlets and booklets that are intended to reach audience randomly. However, it is expensive to incur the cost of printing health information in these materials when a few copies are required. Therefore, to be cost effective, many copies of these materials are printed at once.Traditional communication is associated with some advantages such as: convey a precise message because developers of the information seek to produce materials and programs that would meet the need of a large number of potential users, different subgroups in the society were able to access different version of material from the writers. On the other hand, traditional communication hasits disadvantages such that, it is very cumbersome to print a large number of information materials for a large population since the writers writes distinctive information for different population, additionally; if the information to be printed involve a few copies, it is very expensi ve. Lastly, to customize on population outreach of information by the administrator to different individuals will bedependent upon quick processing of large volume of data hence residents can misunderstand information leading to ineffectiveness of the administrator to the residents. Emergence of tailored health communication was an indication of growing marketing approach to modify communication in nursing home formedby uniting various innovations at once. Tailored health communication (THC) refers to bringing together information and performance change plans expected to get to a particular person

Innovation Management at Airlines Industry

Innovation Management at Airlines Industry Executive summary In a business context, innovation as a new idea means the creation of value proposition where customers needs are fulfilled through an integrated combination of goods, service, systems, process and technologies. This paper brought out an innovative idea for airlines industry, which could minimize the cost by reducing the cabin crew in order expand the market growth for the low cost budget airlines. The idea was the installation of vending machine in the aircraft. As a cross functional team, the idea would be implemented by the low cost budget airline: Easyjet, whose main objective is to be the best low-fare airline in the world. As a cross function team of Easyjet, quite few ideas were assessed before come to the final one. By analysing feasibility and justifying, the team found that if Easy jet installs the vending machine in their aircraft, they could cut one of their cabin crews in an operation. It would reduce their cost as well as bring flexibility of customer service. The minimisation of cost paves the way to competitive low-fare by reducing the ticket price. In this report, the team also sorted out the potential problem which could arise at start of the introduction of vending machine in aircraft as well as recommend how to overcome these situations. Setting up of vending machines requires a slight change of aircraft design as well as needs special version of vending machine, which is suitable for aircraft use. The teams design unit made a probable design of the aircraft, which is displayed in the report. Additionally, the maintenance unit provided solutions for the future maintenance of this product. Introduction Innovation is the commercialization of creativity. European Foundation for quality Management defined innovation more precisely, as innovation is the transformation of ideas into product, service, process and systems and social interaction. It creates new streams of value that satisfied stakeholders and drive sustainable growth (cited in Mele, 2009). This is the new emerging phenomenon in business philosophy. In fact, innovation could be continuous improvements and radical or even discontinuous idea of any product, process or it could be any service industry (Stamm, 2008). Innovation is crucial for present competitive and ever changing environment. As a mature industry, Airlines companies are encountering massive competition. As a result, innovation or creating a value for customer is the key in this business. However, continuous or regular changing is not quite possible for this highly expensive and risky industry. Although, the airlines industry which take an initiative to create a value for money, it can be a leader in this business arena. The selected company is Easyjet following the cost leadership strategy. Thus, the new proposed idea as well follows the cost leadership strategy. Before selecting this idea, a lot of ideas were generated. At the end, the installation of vending machine in aircraft is selected to create a new value for the Easy jet airlines. Why the innovation is crucial for Easyjet and viability of the proposed idea are explained in justification and reason for adopting innovative strategy section. Meanwhile, the proposed design of setting up vending machine in aircraft has been presented in this report. L ater, the predicted problem is identified and recommended the solution as well. At the end, learning process will show how this idea was developed. Preliminary investigation: This is the first step to develop any potential idea at which stage projects technical and marketplace merits are determined (Stamm, 2009). This project has centred the market of airlines industry. As a mature industry, airlines companies are generating and implementing different innovative projection in order to survive in a highly competitive market. One of them is the cost strategic innovation has been brought in the UK by the two airlines industry, namely: Ryan air and Easy jet. Easy jet is the proposed company in this project. Analysing its market share, market growth, consumer needs and priorities and core competencies, this project identified the cost effective innovative idea, which is installation of vending machine in the aircraft primarily for short haul distance. Logic behind this proposal is reducing the cabin crew in order to cutting the cost. On the other hand, it would bring the flexibility in customer service because customers need not to wait for food or drink. Furt hermore, there would be variety of food and drink in the vending machine. Considering technical side of setting up vending machine, aircraft will be redesigned to a small extent. Justification for the Innovation Easyjet is currently the second largest low budget airline in Europe. In 2009 passenger numbers increased by 3.4% to 45.2 million this is as a result of Easyjets unique selling proposition of offering the lowest prices to the most convenient airports. It currently flights to 114 destinations on over 400 routes. It compares favourably with the model of Ryanair (currently the largest airline in Europe) which offers the lowest fares but to secondary airports (EasyJet, 2010). Easyjets strategy and business model is based on four key indicators (Appendix-2) As suggested by Buckman (2007), the next big wave in automation, and travel technology overall, will focus less on the process and more on the people. Moving forward, it will be more about how technology can enhance and improve the travel experience from booking to baggage. Low price, a variety of destinations, value for money and efficiency are core competencies of Easyjet. Those core values should not change regardless of environmental turbulence (Collins and Porras, 1996). Its strategies require cost reduction and other profit sources are more important than travel fares as a source of revenue. The chart below shows an outline of how Easyjet compares to its nearest competitors in the airline industry in Europe. Easyjet RyanAir British Airways Quality of Service: The quality of Easyjets service compares favourably with that of Ryanair which is the leading brand in the low-cost Airline model. It however does not provide the same level of service as the network airline British Airways. Destinations: Easyjet goes to fewer destinations than Ryanair. However, it does favour primary airports over secondary airports which give it a marginal advantage to customers who prefer to arrive closer to the city centres. It goes to more destinations than British Airways in Europe. Price Advantage: Easyjet has a distinct price advantage over the network airlines due to its no-frills pricing model. Its prices are low but can be lower if it chooses more secondary airports like Ryanair. The analysis above shows that Easyjet is not the market leader in any of its key competencies. it is therefore necessary for Easyjet to improve its position. This can be done through innovative change in customer service. Reasons for Adopting Innovative Strategy With the opening of political boundaries across Europe, the airline industry has seen tremendous growth in recent years. More and more passengers are travelling across Europe for business and leisure. This has allowed for the emergence of low cost airlines right across Europe. There has also been increased competition from the high speed rail industry with companies like Eurostar increasing their market share in the transport industry. The airlines have also been affected by the recent fluctuations in fuel prices and economic downturn. In 2009 Easyjet was able to make modest profits of  £54.7million despite these challenges. Moreover, there was a higher increase in revenue from ancillary sources (Appendix-2). As the company model is based on reducing ticket price, it is preferable to maximise revenue from ancillary sources while reducing cost. In line with easyjets strategic priority of developing a winning customer proposition and its ability to use technology for innovative change it has been reviewed various possibilities for improving the customer experience to achieve growth. They include: Offering a standing service for short haul flights. (Appendix-2) Enhancing the EasyjetPlus card service (Appendix-2) In-flight vending machine, which is explained below. This product would allow customers a low-cost self service that is easily available once on the flight. It would also reduce the workload of the flight attendants. It opens avenues for direct sales of products from Easyjet and third parties. This option allows Easyjet the opportunity to increase revenue by providing advertising space for third party suppliers. This would help improve the brand and ancillary revenue. It would be innovative as it is a new product to the market and Easyjet could possibly gain additional revenue by licensing the product to other airlines once developed. It would however require investment in development of the concept and implementation. Design Easy machine (vending) are going to locate in some part of the Galley (kitchen) where not only food and beverages kept but also contain flight attendant jump seats, emergency equipment storage, and anything else that flight attendants may need during the flight. As below image indicate, normal aircraft like A319 has two galley areas which usable one for coffee machine and one for food and beverages. Easy machine in fact could be installed in galley area for more safety issue and as mention above just occupy some space and it produces from very light and strong plastic material. It is necessary to state that Easy machine totally redesigned and resized in order to fit and stick in galley. The colourful design of setup vending machine in aircraft and possible installation place is displayed below in two pictures: Potential problem and related solutions: In this part, the aim is to identify potential problems and threats, which could hinder the process of setting up the vending machine. At the same time, how to overcome these issues are explained here. In order to set up vending machine in an aircraft, Easy jet could ask some additional modification to their supplier for introducing compatible vending machines. However, setting up vending machine in an aircraft is not an easy task. It is estimated that, the following issues could be occurred when Easy jet will install the vending machine in the aircraft. These are broadly analysed as well as finding the problems with solution have been stated below. Safety Problem analysis: safety measure is considered to be the prime reason of concern while installing the vending machine. As there is a potential risk when plane taking off or landing and there is a possibility of vending machine to falling down on the floor. Furthermore, it could bring an enormous accident for the aircraft. It could also injured careless sort of passengers when they pass the vending machine. After analysing safety reason, two main issues are identified, which are potential threats for installing vending machine. The issues are:  · Stickiness of vending machine on the aircraft  · Indication of vending machine, where it would place Solution: the proposed installation of vending machine in the aircraft should be designed especially as it could viable for aircraft use. For the first issue of safety, vending machine should be attached on the floor as well as stick in the aircraft ceiling. As it should be unmoveable, even if when plane taking off and landing on the ground. Considering the second issue; a flashy sign can be tagged on the vending machine or around the vending machine. It would act as caution when anyone is passing by the vending machine. It would also remove traditional trolley as well as reduce congestion in the galley area, which has a potential benefit for in-fight staffs (Appendix-4). Weight Problem: The weight of the vending machine was discussed as one of the key issue and needed thorough analyses while setting up vending machine in the aircrafts. Since, many instances of plane accident indicate the underlying weight related problems; Easy Jet should consider it from plan to implementation. As a result, it should be viable for aircraft capacity. Also, the weight is related with carrying passengers as well as luggage. Thus, Easyjet should consider two issues for weight related problem. These are:  · The weight of the vending machine  · The weight capacity of aircraft Solution: the proposed vending machine should be specially built for aircraft. Meanwhile, Average vending machine weight is 310 kg with 360 can capacity (Cokevending, 2010). It is built with metal and as a result, it is heavy. However, using plastic can reduce the weight. Recently, plastic vending machines are available in the market. Thus, it is feasible to think for installing plastic vending machine in the aircraft. Legal Problem: this potential threat might come from government approval. This is because; it is related with aircraft safety. In the meantime, public pressure could be arising as a new innovation process. Since, it is related with aircraft reengineering. Another question would be aroused about the cutting down of staff as there is standard ratio of staff should available in service operation. As a result, the following issues should consider before launching the vending machine in the aircraft.  · Managing related governmental department for approval  · Increasing public trust  · Staff reduction issue Solution: for pursuing government approval, Easy jet could prove that this innovative changing is viable for aircraft. It is taken because of reduce cost. Since, it is not a radical innovation. Thus, it is not tough enough to make people believe that this change is feasible for aircraft carrying capacity. Consequently, easy jet can introduce advertisement campaign for bringing the trust on public. One of the main objectives of the fitting up vending machine in aircraft is reducing the staff. Thus, this low cost leadership airlines industry can be bringing down their operation cost. However, there is a legal issue about the standard ratio of cabin crew, which has to be considered before reducing the staff (Appendix-2). Space reduction Problem: installing vending machine in the aircraft means shrinking the space of the aircraft. Length of existing vending machine of coca cola is 102 cm. Though, vending for aircraft would be customized, but it will take some space. Thus, potential issues could be:  · Occupancy of space by installing vending machine  · Reducing the space from aircraft Solution: though vending machine will occupy some space, it has other potential benefits. Drink and food service will be self served. However, this space reduction could not impact hugely in aircraft. Meanwhile, it would be competitive trade off to be set up vending machine for aircraft, which would be customized only for aircraft. Finance Problem: Easy jet has to invest some money to restructure of its aircraft for setting up vending machine. Thus, following issues could be installing vending machine:  · Restructuring cost  · Set up cost Solution: moderately less amount of money is related for installing vending machine. The proposed vending machine in aircraft would be specially made for Easy jet aircraft. Thus, its production cost will be split in such as; material cost, setting cost and other related cost. Considering all this aspect, it could be assumed that setting up vending machine would not be an expensive venture. Consumer credibility Problem: restructuring and redesigning the aircraft is more risky than ground vehicle. Public intimidation would be high if the restructuring will not be proved to be safe. Thus, significant threats of safety should be measured. These could be accounted below:  · Inconvenience for passengers  · Possible queuing for food and drink Solution: Easyjet carries passengers for short haul distance. The installation of vending machine is primarily for short haul distance air travel. As a result, inconvenience of passenger would not be high. Rather, passengers do not need to wait for crew member as it is self service. Keeping attention of possible queuing, the member of staffs could check all over the flight as passengers could take food or drink without any hassle. Maintenance of vending machine innovation The Easyjet has to consider the following issues for the maintenance of vending machine: Customer use of vending machine Customer can buy any product by coin, paper note and debit or credit card (chip pin). It is big issue for customer which currency will accepted by this vending machine. For solving this problem machine have to set the program that it will accept most of the familiar currency. Vending machine supervising Before start the flight, supervisor (cabin crew) has to visits machines and dispenses soft drinks, candy and snacks, and other items. They collect money from the coin and cash-operated machines, restock merchandise, and change labels to indicate new selections. They also keep the machines clean and appealing. Supervisor should have enough training to supervise this machine and to manage the passengers to assist them to buy their food, drinks or other things. Break down and solution If machine break down, it would be advisable that most of the control functions can be managed by an integrated circuit board (Appendix-2). Managing vending machine food supply Easy jet already has contracted with some brand food and drinks company. In year 2009 they started contract with world famous coffee company Starbucks (EasyJet, 2009). These types of company can supply vending machine food. Reflection of learning process: The new big innovative idea was developed by the four members. As it has been known that innovative idea always needs brainstorming and lots of challenges have to overcome before evolving any viable idea. Since it has been instructed that this potential idea should increase the opportunities of market growth for the selected company, the four members have worked through generating ideas related with different business. Officially, as it is assigned by administration to compile the report in six week period. The task was organised weekly such that the first two weeks was developing different ideas and subsequent researching as well as collecting relevant materials based on the selected idea and company. Meanwhile the team has contacted with different vending machine companies for the suggestion to setting up vending machine in aircraft. Discussion of first meeting was basically organising the team members, structural format, assigning the role to the members, and deciding who would maintain the contact with all others members as a coordinator. The role of Coordinator implies by Crossman (2008) as this person will have a clear view of the team objectives and will be skilled at inviting the contribution of team members in achieving these objectives (p.198). The following meeting was to come in the point where the team decided to select an airlines company as topic to develop innovative idea. The session was garnished with quite a few exchanges of ideas, views, comments and critical discussion. Finally, the team has picked the idea of setting up vending machine in the aircraft. On the other hand, as a cross functional team, team members are viewed themselves as a members of their function (Crossman, 2008). Thus, this project work was split such as market and cost analyses for new innovation, identifying problem and related solution, design the aircraft for setting up vending machine and maintaining after installation. As a completely new idea, the team faced a lot of challenges to prove the viability of project. All of the subsequent meeting held on bases of testifying the perfection of this project. While making the progress in setting up the vending machine for aircraft, the team encountered few key issues. As challenges grew more, the team rather focused on uses of the light weight plastic material, instead of heavy metal made vending machine. Furthermore, it has been estimated by the team that, this step would be suitable like low-cost strategic airlines mainly Easyjet. Because they can adapt the policy by reducing the numbers of cabin crew and recap the installation cost of vending machine. Additionally, it could sustain steady market growth. The team observed the innovation would bring about a competitive advantage even in the time of severe economic downturn. The above development of idea and analysing process revealed the learning of the core motive of innovation for the team members. Reference: Coca-Cola Enterprises (2004). Vending machine specification. [online] Available at :< URL: http://www.cokevending.co.uk/ven_vending_machines_coke_bottle.html> [Accessed 1 march 2010] 3M United Kingdom PLC (2000). Vending machine weight. [online] Available at :< URL: http://solutions.3m.co.uk/wps/portal/3M/en_GB/Tapes-and-Adhesives/Home/DocumentCentre/Datasheets/?PC_7_RJH9U5230GVA6027OM7C9G2AG3_nid=4XX438M9Z6be7B9QQ3C521gl > [Accessed 25 February 2010] Easy Jet Airline Company Limited. Major new easy jet aircraft order. [online] Available at :< URL: http://www.easyjet.com/en/investor/major_new_aircraft_order.html> [Accessed 25 February 2010] Austrian cargo. Aircraft specification. 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