Melasma Essay example - 899 Words

Melasma is a skin disorder that appears as irregular brown skin patches on the cheeks, nose, forehead and upper lip. Melasma is not dangerous, but can impair your appearance, personality and self confidence. Various options of treatment are available and dermatologists found the melasma laser treatment to be effective of all. Causes of melasma: Melasma is caused due to an over production of melanin. Melanin is the substance that imparts color to the skin. The exact cause for this type of hyperpigmentation is not known. However, the main four factors that contribute to melasma are hormone, genetics, skin inflammation and sun exposure. Intense exposure to sun can worsen the problem. Pregnancy and menopause also can trigger melasma. It†¦show more content†¦The laser skin resurfacing treatment for melasma generally requires a single treatment session with a healing period of one week. It takes between 15 minutes to one hour for the whole process depending on the location and size of the damaged area. Melasma laser treatment is a better alternative for those where the other remedies have proved ineffective. Melasma laser resurfacing treatment is gaining popularity as it produces dramatic results with a short healing time. YAG laser treatment: The YAG laser imparts intense, short pulses of light. These light pulses are targeted to the melanin pigment in the cells that are affected by melasma. The surrounding skin is not affected with this melasma laser treatment. These treatments are given with topical lightening treatments to be used few weeks prior the laser treatments and also continued after the laser treatments. Intense Pulsed light treatment: In intense pulsed light (IPL) therapy, a hand laser is allowed to pass over the skin that targets the melanin. This form of melasma laser treatment works best on the epidermal melasma type. The light energy heats up the melanin cells and destroys them. Before going for IPL treatment for melasma, consult your doctor regarding your type of melasma and also determine whether IPL treatment is suitable for you. If you decide to undergo melasma laser treatment, then choose an experienced dermatologist for the treatment. Your doctorShow MoreRelatedTreatment Options That Work Melasma Is A Common Skin Condition That Causes Skin Discoloration On The Face1260 Words   |  6 PagesMelasma Treatment Options that Work Melasma is a common skin condition that causes skin discoloration on the face. Statistics from the American Academy of Dermatology show that the disease affects more than 6 million Americans. Of those afflicted by the condition, 90% are women. The number of products that have been manufactured to address the treatment of melasma is further evidence of how widespread the condition is. Sadly, the products make it appear as if treating melasma is easy; it is notRead MoreThe Effect Of Progesterone On The Oral Mucosa Of The Pregnant Woman886 Words   |  4 Pagesgreatest affected are those of the areola, genitals, thighs, and underarms; however a linea nigra, a vertical line along the gravid abdomen is experienced by some women. Women may experience darkening of freckles, scars, or melasma, also known as â€Å"mask of pregnancy†. Melasma is the irregular dappling of the skin commonly over the nose, chin, and cheeks that appears with pregnancy and typically fades within a year postpartum. Also common in pregnancy are stretch marks or striae gravidarum, mostRead MoreMicrodermabrasion712 Words   |  3 Pagescrystals that are blasted out onto the skin .At the same time, the machines vacuum system sucks away dirt, dead cells and used crystals. Through this procedure we can treat these skin disorders (skin problems) :   Sun induced pigmentation, melasma , age spots Whiteheads and blackheads Fine lines and minor wrinkles Enlarget clogged pores Flaking and dry skin Excessive oiliness Scar and callus reduction Blending lasered and non lasered areas after laser skin resurfacing Pre-tretmentRead MoreThe Effects of Sun Exposure to the Human Body1928 Words   |  8 Pageshas no cure. One example of hyperpigmentation comes in the form of what is sometimes known as â€Å"age spots.† These are brown spots that appear on the skin and trying to remove them is nearly imposable. Melasma is another form of hyperpigmentation, which occurs when a woman is hormonal. People with melasma are warned to hide from the sun because exposure to the ultraviolet rays will cause the pigment in the dermis of the skin to darken. Skin texture also changes in skin that has been over exposed to theRead MoreWomen Have the Burden of Birth Control1226 Words   |  5 PagesReproductive Organs and Breasts. Some other side effects of oral contraceptives are irregular vaginal bleeding or spotting, a change in vision while wearing contact lenses or not being able to wear contact lenses anymore, edema (fluid retention), melasma (darks spots on the skin), nausea and vomiting, a change in one’s appetite, headaches, nervousness, depression, dizziness, loss of scalp hair, rash and vaginal infections† (Detailed Patient Labeling Norgestmate And Ethinyl Estradiol Tablets USP 0Read MoreMost Effective Whitening Soap: Gluta or Kojic1717 Words   |  7 Pagesto lighten. Primarily produced in Asia, in countries like Japan and the Philippines, glutathione soap claims a number of skin benefits. Glutathione soap, besides lightening the pigment of the skin, also claims to reduce blemishes and dark spots, melasma, chloasma, hyper pigmentations freckles and acne scars, as well as return rosiness to the skin thats often associated with youth and vitality. Because glutathione has been called a master antioxidant, producers of glutathione soap also claim thatRead MoreThe Maintenance of Oral Health during Pregnancy 1868 Words   |  8 Pagesnon-emergency dental works are usually postponed until after the birth. Now, we will look into the oral-facial changes observed during pregnancy. Bilateral brown patches in the mid-face may appear during the first and third trimester. This is known as melasma and is seen in up to 73% of pregnant women (Geisinger et al., 2014). While the aetiology of this condition is unclear, it is believed to be related to an increase in the levels of estrogen and progesterone. About 50% of pregnant patientsRead MoreGuidelines For An Accurate Skin Analysis2271 Words   |  10 Pagesthe product instructions and manuals. 6. Pigmented : Varied skin colouration with either the absence of pigment or erratic pigmentation many causes, hormonal (menpause or puberty), photoaged, medication, medical conditions such as Vitiligo or Melasma. 7. Couperose : Characteristics are dilated and broken capillaries, the epidermis of the skin will be thin. 8. Damaged : There are multiple effects that damage the skin. Sun damaged (photoaged skin)skin pigmentation hyperpigmentation, hypopigmentationRead More5 Simple Steps Of A Healthy Pregnancy Essay2457 Words   |  10 Pagessebaceous glands, so that your skin may look brighter. For the same reason, acne is also common during pregnancy. Among other changes that pregnancy hormones generated in the skin are yellowish or brownish spots that appear on the face, which are called melasma, and a dark stripe running from the navel to the pubis, which known as linea nigra. Also, moles or freckles that you had before pregnancy may increase in size or become darker. Even the areola, the area around the nipple becomes darker. Stretch marks

How great is gatsby Free Essays

The term ‘Great’ can be Interpreted in a variety of ways. Fitzgerald doesn’t mention the word great in his book. ‘The Great Gatsby apart from In the title; this Incredibly short title shows a lot of meaning behind the character of Gatsby. We will write a custom essay sample on How great is gatsby? or any similar topic only for you Order Now It could be Ironic, mysterious or an ode to Gatsby himself. However the title could be alluding to Gatsby great heart or love with Daisy The name ‘Great Gatsby Immediately Invokes the thought of a showman or a magician, especially with the’ in the title. The simple and humble beginnings of Jimmy Gate were almost miraculously transformed into he lavish lifestyle that Gatsby thought was his destiny. In this respect Jimmy Gate is the ‘Great Gatsby’ his whole life is an illusion that he conjured up to change his life completely. However there are holes in the lifestyle he created compared to the way he acted, especially during his extravagant parties, he never fully mastered the role of host, he didn’t talk to all the guests instead he tended to skulk and hope that Daisy would appear from across the lake. There are major problems with Gatsby decision to obliterate his past life, namely he no longer feels completely comfortable In myself. This means that he can’t be considered a great man within society. In the sass a Great man was considered to know everyone, throw lavish parties and be successful. This was Gatsby to an extent, he was able to manipulate the law through his connections to keep him out of trouble, he threw spectacular parties and he can be considered successful. However he could no longer connect with people, even with Daisy he often lost his nerve and ability to speak to her. Nick has to make him talk to Daisy the first time they meet again you’re acting like a little boy†¦. Not only that UT you’re being rude’. This is again a sign that Gatsby isn’t naturally a socialite; he wasn’t brought up with money and didn’t attend parties so he doesn’t know how to host or to make small talk. He’s therefore not a Great socialite man. He manages to reinvent himself, through his sudden increase In money, his friendship with Mr.. Dan Cody and his need to be with Daisy; this Is what makes him great in Nick Caraways eyes. Nick admires Gatsby to the extent that he’s amazed at the life Gatsby has managed to attain purely for the love of a girl, Daisy. However Nick believes that Gatsby love was misplaced, he believed that the Daisy that Gatsby had desired and dreamed about, had been romanticists so heavily by Gatsby, that the real Daisy could no longer fulfill Gatsby dream of her. In Gatsby mind Daisy is a dream that he is striving to achieve, he tries desperately to get close to her. When he finally buys the house across the lake from her, he sees the green light. This light is his hope for the future and the thing that makes him want to fight harder to become the Great man that Daisy deserves. When Daisy finally gets to his house the green light is no longer kibbles and the dream Is shattered. This is where Gatsby greatness fails; in Gatsby mind Daisy was supposed to leave her husband and run away with him, live In the house he built for her and starts their lives again but Daisy couldn’t satisfy this dream. HIS misplaced faith In this dream life with Daisy was Gatsby ultimate downfall. Gatsby was In some respects the noble denotation of ‘Great’ he was successful and self-sacrificing purely for Daisy, he showed some aspects of heroic wanted. However the majority of the heroic actions were done out of selfish intent, ND Gatsby failure to accept that the girl he loved had moved on. Yet he carried on trying to make everything the way he wanted, he ended up getting so caught up in his own warped version of their life together instead of saving Daisy he ended up making her run away. He may have done everything out of love but the outcome was a warped tragedy. The connotations associated with a ‘Great man’ are incredibly varied; Gatsby certainly was not a good man so it’s questionable if he can be considered great. His amorality is a very important part of the book because it is set n the sass’s hypocritical society. Gatsby was the source of gossip and scandal. People would go to his parties, drink his illegal alcohol and Judge his illegality and suspect him of having connections with the Kaiser. The rumors circulating may not have all been true but a fair few were accurate, Gatsby made his money through bootlegging, this doesn’t make him a good person. Throughout the book there is the omniscient poster of TX Cocklebur, therefore it’s very possible that although Gatsby suffered retribution for a crime he didn’t commit, he perhaps suffered it for one of is many other crimes. In Conclusion, Jay Gatsby was a Great Illusionist and liar but not a Great man. He created a life that changed his morals and Judgments so he could please an idealized girl who he hadn’t seen for 5 years. Although he may have had the best intentions to start with they were only centered on his own happiness and then refused to accept that Daisy could have moved on. The Great Gatsby ended up almost breaking up a marriage, causing severe heartbreak to the people he loved, and implemented the events that led to his own unnecessary downfall. How to cite How great is gatsby?, Papers

Design and Manufacturing Fector

Questions: 1.Describe the function of the component, clearly identifying the material-based attributes that are important to its function? 2.What are the material property constraints and objectives that would be required (you may use assumptions for the exact values of these properties? 3.Identify what materials could be used for the component, and then to ultimately identify what you consider to be the best choice? 4.Identify all of the manufacturing processes that could be used to make that component? Answers: 1. A bicycle fork is a component that supports the front wheel. Its main components include the two blades that join to hold the front wheel in place, the crown joints the two blades at the top. The crown is then connected to the steerer tube. The tube functions to support the fork and enhance the support of the handlebars. The steerer connects to the frame through a combination of bearings that are referred to as headset and they are connected to the head tube. The function of the bicycle fork is to hold the front wheel in place (John1989, p. 6). The material based attributes put into consideration during the manufacturing of the bicycle fork include: Ductility, this factor enables the material used in manufacturing to be easily shaped into desired shapes without affecting its strength through the tensile forces. Durability of the bicycle fork was considered too in the manufacturing of the forks. The durability functioned to ensure that the loss of strength was significantly reduced. Reliability was also considered during the manufacturing process (Hurst 2013, p. 72). It helped to ensure that the material used could sustain adverse effects that never exceeded the elastic limit. 2. The most commonly used materials in the manufacturing of the bicycle frame include: aluminium, steel, carbon fiber and titanium. Aluminium, steel and titanium have a unique combination of attributes that are important in this discussion. Steel is made up of twice the density and tensile forces of titanium. Steel contains 2/3 of the density of aluminium and 2/3 of the strength of aluminium. This concludes that forks manufactured using aluminium and steel should have a similar weight. Steel contains 2/3 of the strength from aluminium. Considering the weight of aluminium to steel, one will require thrice the portions that will be used by steel to make an aluminium one. The volume (cubic) of steel is 2/3 of the same volume of aluminium given that the weight is constant (Elena 2009, p. 34). In manufacturing of bicycle forks, engineers are challenged when designing the bicycle forks. They have to ensure that the bicycle forks become slightly thinner as the diameter remains constant. It is advised that the thickness of the frames should be 0.4mm. A decrease in this could be disastrous as the fork can easily buckle out and due to the weight and terrain, vibrations will increase, reliability will be compromised and hence denting will occur. The tensile forces will exceed as the thickness will not be able to stop it from reaching the elastic limit. Common constraints and objectives: Constraints that are considered during the selection of the material to be used during manufacturing process include stiffness so that they have the ability to resist tension, have enough strength, ability to withstand adverse stress, the rate of conductivity, the rate at which it can resist electrical conduction, relatively high price is incurred during manufacturing and the weight is relatively high. The objectives that are considered during manufacturing include: ensuring that the cost of production is low, ensure that the weight is low, reduced volume of material used, low impact to the environment, quick heat loss and increased energy reservation (Michael 2013, p. 93). When manufacturing the bicycle forks, it is important to consider the fatigue constraint that the bicycle will be challenged through during its usage. Steel is hardly affected by fatigue. It can endure any stress that is applied to it over a long period of its usage. On the other hand, aluminium hardly endures the fatigue that is applied to it. This explains the reason as to why it is important to build it with extra strength, 2/3 or what is used in steel. Durability as a constraint in the manufacture of the bicycle fork is also considered. This aims at giving the value for money in the selling by recovering the cost of production (Gwo-Hshiung 2016, p. 69). 3 .Consider these attributes, constraints and objectives in undertaking a basic material selection using level 2 of the CES software to initially In carbon fiber, the material used has advantages of being light in the overall weight, it absorbs shock better compared to aluminium, it is relatively durable compared to aluminium and the ease of manufacturing it is relatively good. It is disadvantageous in being expensive to manufacture and it is unfixable when it gets damaged (Matt 2012, p. 116). Aluminium has a light weight, resistant to rust, cheap in purchasing hence reduced cost in manufacturing, it is stiff hence being durable and it lasts for a reasonable period of time. It is disadvantageous due to its reduced strength when compared to steel and has the shortest fatigue life when compared to steel carbon fibre and titanium. Titanium is merited due to its reasonable weight as it is easy to handle, it hardly fails or reduced mechanical conditions will affect it and it is free from corrosion. However, its strength is relatively low than steel and its relatively heavy when compared to aluminium (Peter 2005, p. 1001). Steel has a high tensile strength and has a long lifespan when compared to the above. Its demerit is due to its weight that is considerably high and its ability not to resist corrosion. Materials/Properties Youngs modulus Cost Fatigue Strength at 10^7 Carbon fiber 150 GPa 44.5 $US/kg 300 Mpa Aluminium 82 GPa 2.49 $US /kg 157 Mpa Titanium 120 GPa 26.2 $US /kg 600 MPa Steel 217 GPa 0.664 $US /kg 700 MPa Information in the table was taken from CES program. However, steel has the cheapest price and it actually has a high youngs modulus, as a result I will choose the steel as it is also one of the common materials for manufacturing bicycle forks (Ces Software). 4. Based on the material you ultimately selected in question 2 for your component, use level 2 of the CES software to identify all of the manufacturing processes that could be used to make that component. Steel production process contains steps that are involved during the manufacturing process. Iron making is the initial process that involves blasting the raw materials to get the molten steel that can be molded into various shapes of the bicycle fork. The primary steel making process is the second stage (Harrison 1979, p. 23). It uses oxygen that is pumped into the metal to remove carbon. The secondary steel making process involves trying to purify the molten steel. This can be achieved through addition or removal of components that make up the composition of steel. This includes stirring, ladle furnace, ladle injection, degassing and adjusting the composition of the molten iron by blowing oxygen through it. The continuous casting process involves molding the molten steel into thin shelled structures so that it can solidify. After solidifying, the tubings are reduced into the desired lengths according to the specifications. Primary forming involves shaping of the cast steel into diff erent shapes according to the specifications of the bicycle fork (Clifford 2013, p. 39). Finally, the bicycle fork is manufactured, fabricated and the exterior decoration done to attract the clients. The process of manufacturing includes: shaping, drilling, welding, galvanizing, tempering and carburizing. Choose two of the manufacturing processes that could be used for your component and explain why you believe them to be most suitable (clearly state any assumptions you have made to reach your conclusion (Welding and brazing) The molded parts that have been molded above are now ready to be used in the manufacturing of the fork. The parts will be joined together to make the fork. The blades will be fitted to the stem. The stem will be connected to the steering tube and then welded together to form the bicycle fork (Malcom 1995, p. 13). On the other hand, legs also welded to the blades and also brazing the crown. However, it is required to drill a hole close to the fork blades end for air expanding to run out during the brazing and welding processes. Finally, they are painted and polished as required Find a resource/s online that details/outlines the key equipment and steps involved in each of the two processes. Use this to construct a process map or flow chart for each manufacturing process. Resources required in the production of steel include: cast iron, coke and lime which are heated in blast furnaces to melt them. The process involved in welding involves connecting the components that had been manufactured from the cast iron. The tubing is achieved through being butted using the mandrel and die. The butted tubing is hydro formed to fork blade geometry. It is then annealed at 8650c before being oil quenched. It is then back tempered at 5700c before cooling at room temperature (Davis 1992, p. 28). It is then shipped. Brazing is a process that aims at strengthening the metals that have been combined (Sharma 2007,p. 34). Resources required during brazing include the filler, additional metal and a furnace that will be used to heat the metals and the filler together. The joining must adhere to good fitting that will enable proper capillary to take place. The metals will then be cleaned so that capillary will take place. The parts will then be fluxed before the metal will be assembled for brazing. After brazing, the area is cleaned so that it can obtain a clean surface area (Joseph 2001, p. 309). Use Microsoft excel and the cost equation below to construct a plot of the cost per component versus the number of components for both of the manufacturing processes for a range of production volumes from 1 to 100,000.. Identify which of your processes is the most cost effective for the range of production volumes examined The cost per unit as per ces software, Carbon 44+315/5+210/12 = $124.5 Titanium 26.2 + 315/4 +410/12 =138.2 Aluminium 2.49+ 315/5+210/12= 83.0 Steel 0.664 +315/6+210/13= 69.4 Steel is the most effective metal to be used in the manufacturing of the bicycle fork. It is readily available. The molding is easy as the equipment to mold it is readily available. It is highly durable as compared to titanium aluminium and carbon fibre. Steel has a high versatility compared to the other materials that were used to manufacture the bicycle forks (Kenneth, p. 113). Calculate the impact of doubling the production rate for a production volume of 10,000 components. Suggest and briefly explain one practical method to significantly increase the production rate of your process without the need to buy additional capital equipment Impact of doubling the production rete of a volume of 10000 components. The production rate can be increased by increasing the time that has been allocated for the manufacturing of the bicycle forks. The rate can also be increased by increasing the number of items that are supposed to be manufactured. This is facilitated by the discount that is given when the load being produced is relatively high compared to when one manufactures a few pieces of the bicycle fork. Application of modern technology e.g. the blast furnace instead of the traditional incinerators helps in reduction of cost of operation (David 2006, p. 332). Using the table provided by Ces, we will increase the production rate by 10.000 Materials/Properties Youngs modulus Cost Increased production rate by 10000 Carbon fiber 150 GPa 44.5 $US/kg 445000$US/kg Aluminium 82 GPa 2.49 $US /kg 24900$US/kg Titanium 120 GPa 26.2 $US /kg 262000$US/kg Steel 217 GPa 0.664 $US /kg 6640$US/kg References Ces software.Clifford S. Russell, William J Vaughn 2013:, Steel production processes, products and residuals. Second edition.Davis A. C. 1992:, The science and practice of welding.David O. Whitten, Bessie Emrick Whitten- 2006:, the birth of bid business in the United States. Second edition.Elena R. Dobrovinskayaa, Leonid A. Lytvynov, Valerian Pishchik:, 2009 sapphire: Material Manufacturing applicationGwo-Hshiung Tzeng, Jih-Jeng Huang 2016. Fuzzy Objective Decision MakingHarrison T. S. 1979. Handbook of analytical contro of iron and steel production. Hurst Robert 2013:, Bicycle commuter handbook. Second edition, a structured approach to design and manufacturing.John Marino, Lawrence May, Hal Zina Bennett, 1983: John Marinos Bicycling book. https://books.google.com/books Joseph R. Davis 2001:, copper and copper alloys. Proceedings of the third international brazing conference. Kenneth Warren 2001.:, Big steel: The first century of the United States steel corporationMalcolm Blair, Thomas L. Stevens 1995:, steel casting handbook, sixth edition Matt Seaton 2012:, Two wheels: Thoughts from the bicycle lane. Composite engineering handbook.Michael F. Ashby, Hugh Shercliff David Cebon 2013:, Materials: engineering, science, processing and design.Peter Morgan, 2005:, Carbon fibers and their composites. https://books.google.com/books Sharma P. C. 2007. Production technology. (Manufacturing processes and brazing)