Public Schools We Have the Right to Pray Essay - 832 Words

Public Schools: We Have the Right to Pray Prayer in public schools has been a controversial issue in our country for a very long time. According to the First Amendment, the government shall not establish any official religion. Therefore, as long as the government doesnt make it mandatory for the students to pray, they should be allowed to at least have that choice. One minute set aside for a student to either have a moment of silence or to have their own prayer isnt hurting anyone, as long as students are not forced to pray. By taking away that right, it is violating their rights as American citizens and their right to have freedom of religion. In 1962, The Supreme Court ruled that school prayer violates the constitution. Many†¦show more content†¦But, is school prayer really allowed in schools as opposers of this Act concede? In the case of Jones v. Clear Creek ISD (1991), school prayer was allowed at a high school graduation. The reason permission was granted was because the prayer was student-initiated, student-led, and nonsectarian. Unfortunately, this worked for this case, but not many to follow it. Many such cases include: Lee v. Weisman, Doe v. Santa Fe, Wallace v. Jaffree and Engle v. Vitale. All cases decided upon the issue that school prayer violated the First Amendment and was considered unconstitutional. Voluntary means not using force. If prayer is voluntary there is no reason it should be abolished because it harms no one. Voluntary prayer in class or a moment of silence should be given to accommodate those students who do feel it necessary to pray. If a student doesnt want to pray they simply dont. They can sit there quietly for that moment and do homework. If it really bothers them, they can step out of the room. It is the students choice whether or not to pray. In our country, God is recognized everyday. The words in God we trust are written on our coins. We sing America the Beautiful and other patriotic songs that mentions God name. Congress opens with a prayerShow MoreRelatedEssay on Prayer Should Be Allowed in Public Schools1727 Words   |  7 PagesPrayer Should Be Allowed in Public Schools School prayer is a very controversial issue in today’s society. The issue of school prayer is about whether the public school systems should let the students pray, at the start of the school day, as a class. The issue of school prayer began in the late sixteenth century when people in England did not approve of the way one religion was forced upon them, so the Puritans, known as the Pilgrims decided to come to the colonies. Even in the colonies theRead MoreEssay on Prayer in Public Schools1051 Words   |  5 Pagesin Public Schools An issue that has been constantly debated for years is whether voluntary prayer in public schools should be permitted. A student should be allowed to pray voluntarily at the beginning of each school day based on many reasons. Prayer based on moral beliefs reinforce good citizenship as defined by our forefathers. A daily reminder of a need for the belief of good over evil is a necessary part of this society. Daily voluntary school prayer should be re-instated in public schoolsRead More Supporting Prayer in Public Schools Essay1078 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Our Father†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Denied For centuries, the debate has existed whether or not to allow prayer in public schools. Many Americans feel it is not right of the schools to teach religion. With all the diversity associated with the United States, public schools cannot select one standard religion to practice, due to the cultural and religious differences in the country. Not only are schools the storm center of controversy involving religious differences, they are the principal institution charged with transmittingRead MorePrayer in Schools Essay1215 Words   |  5 PagesPrayer in Public School There are many different philosophies regarding prayer in public school. It seems to be a difficult issue to decide upon. The opinions are wide-ranging and convoluted. This paper will attempt to highlight the many ideas and opinions as to whether prayers in public school should be allowed and to what extent. It will further show how our founders idea of a separate church and state has been taken out of context and why prayer in school should be allowed, but not requiredRead MoreEssay on School Prayer Should Be Allowed729 Words   |  3 Pages School Prayer Should Be Allowed I attended twelve years of Catholic School. My parents consented to the decision of my enrollment and they knew what was involved. They knew that the study of God and prayer was mandatory. Prayer in school in my case produced and environment of discipline and respect for the teachers. The involvement of my parents and the faculty in the use of prayer was in full agreement. However, my view was not even considered important. My rights had been violated. The FirstRead MorePersuasive Speech On Pray In Schools1066 Words   |  5 PagesName: Patrick Clark Date: 6/27/2017 COMS 108. 301 Instructor: Mr. Randy Manis TITLE OF SPEECH: Pray in schools General Purpose: To persuade. Specific Purpose and Significance: To persuade my audience to respect religions in schools. Central Idea: ATTENTION STEP I. Attention Getter: Do you have a choice in your religion? Should praying be in Schools? The 1st Amendment states, â€Å"Prohibits Congress from making any law respecting an establishment of religion, impeding the free exercise of religionRead MoreReligious Speech And Symbolism Should Be Permissible On Public Property1236 Words   |  5 Pagesby praying, we are forcing religion on students, but that’s not the case. Many parents that are religious will never understand why our kids are not participating in prayer activities in our public schools. Let’s stop overlooking our First Amendment Law as individuals. The First Amendment Law clearly states that â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press, or the right of the peopleRead MoreReligion in Public Schools Essay1131 Words   |  5 PagesDefinition: Religion in school is the practice of any personal religious beliefs in a place of education. Introduction: In recent years teaching or the individual practice of religion in school has become a very controversial topic. There are many different views on this matter and even more opinions on how it should be handled. There are people on both sides of the spectrum, there are those who believe that it should be taught and allowed in school, and there are those who believe it shouldRead MoreRuling Out School Prayer1276 Words   |  6 PagesMany people argue that school prayer is needed in schools, but I think that it is not necessary. I believe that it is not necessary to have prayer during school to please people of one religion. If a person can pray to him/herself, then there is no need for a public prayer. It has already been established in the constitution that school prayer has been banned and it should remain that way. In my opinion it should remain unconstitutional because it interferes with other student’s religion, the intentionRead MoreReligious Prayer Within Public Schools 1431 Words   |  6 Pages Religious prayer within public schools has been a heated debate for many years and ultimately has caught national attention. Overtime many court cases have challenge this issue. The Constitution itself is on the fence of religious prayer because of the First Amendment’s freedom of speech clause which prohibits the government’s involvement with the freedom of exercise of religion. The policy of religious prayer within Mississippi public schools is a state policy level. In the year of 2013, Governor

Middle Class And Minority Families - 1510 Words

More middle class and minority families than ever are underwater in their mortgages, and most have zero to negative wealth after the Great Recession that followed the housing boom in 2000 (Potts 7). Even those who kept their homes watched their values drop due to declined neighborhood worth. My childhood home’s peak value was over $200,000, but my parents listed it on the market with the hope of selling for just $175,000 when they were attempting to move to lower their mortgage. There were never any foreclosures in our neighborhood, the house is in one of the best school systems in the state, and it had a fantastic location, yet the value dropped significantly further than it had in twenty years after it was built because of flood of empty†¦show more content†¦Because so many vulnerable people were harmed by manipulative actions, many were ultimately in need of financial assistance from the government; however, they were never were truly relived thanks to a new breed of law firms. Until every home loses value, buying a home will continue to be a prudent investment for those who can’t buy stocks or bonds. Purchasing my home was a major milestone in my life as well as an investment I could make for my future. Adalberto Aguirre believes that â€Å"For many Americans, homeownership is synonymous with success, independence, and the achievement of the American Dream.† Homeownership is seen as a pathway to aspects of the American dream; for instance, the ability to pay for a college education, providing start-up capital for a family business, or funding retirement plans (Aguirre 6). Owning a home, like earning a college education, is something I thought was supposed to be coveted for not only ourselves, but also for our friends and family. Helping others attain the American Dream certainly took a backseat to profits in the minds of countless mortgage brokers and lenders during the 2000 housing boom. First, everyone who has bought a house himself or herself, or has been near the process of home buying, knows that first time home buyers make mistakes. They become

Sample Argument Essay

The sample argument essay should include at least two arguments supporting the main idea and at least one counter-argument which contradicts the overall mood of the text. The present essay will focus attention on the controversy of the death penalty. It has always been a debatable topic owing to the fact that it undermines basic ethical, religious, and moral principles. Moreover, in order to reach the investigatory impartiality, it is necessary to prove the general humane unlawfulness. The death penalty has always been one of the hottest debate topics for both, the society and the government, concerning its negative ethical side and its potential positive impact on criminal conduct. In the easiest words, the death penalty can be defined as the legal procedure when one individual takes the life of another with the help of special equipment. Therefore, it is actually the murder itself. Thus, the capital punishment is the most irrevocable sin that the government could perform and it must be definitely abolished. The strongest argument that can be given in favor of the abolishment of the death penalty is the high probability of killing an innocent person. In addition, while the global community is struggling against race, gender, and nationality inequality in courts, the judge’s and jury’s decision can be influenced by biases. According to some researchers and witnesses, comparatively same cases were not treated alike, and the race, gender, and nationality have an influence on sentencing. For example, the ethnic minorities who were convicted of the crimes against the white-skin citizens got a comparatively more exceptional sentences and a greater number of death penalty verdicts than other indicted criminals. Such mistaken accusations, unfortunately, happen quite often and are disastrous for the relatives of the accused person. Moreover, there is a solid religious background that should give an impetus to restrict the capital punishment all over the world. In every religion, the murder is regarded to be unnatural, sinful, and immoral. There is an opinion the that the soul of the killer, including the one who performs death penalty, will never find peace and remain the vagabond substance wandering beyond the earth. Moreover, murder as punishment is not right owing to the fact that the government should be fairer and superior. The administration should consider sentencing as a modus to pursue the higher standards than the behavior of individual killers. All in all, some studies show that the capital punishment does indeed save lives. It has an impact on possible criminals and discourages them from committing the crimes, at least severe ones, such as murders. Also, we cannot deny that the police improves their skills in resolving the crime and the cases when innocent people are sentenced reduce steadily. To conclude, regarding the possible benefits of capital punishment for social safety the murder in a fair of saving the lives cannot be justified by any law. No man has the right to decide on the faith of another man. Being a human means to be humane, fair and able to be reasonable with the help of giving impartial penalties to re-educate the offenders. References ACLU (Ed.). (2012). The Case Against the Death Penalty. Retrieved January 11, 2016,from Bedau, H. A., Cassell, P. G. (2005). Debating the death penalty: Should America have capital punishment?: The experts on both sides make their case. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Capital Punishment. Opposing Viewpoints Online Collection. Detroit: Gale, 2015. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 8 Jan. 2016. Dieter, R. C. (n.d.). The Death Penalty in Black and White: Who Lives, Who Dies, Who Decides. Retrieved May 12, 2016. Latzer, B. (2010). Death penalty cases: Leading U.S. Supreme Court cases on capital punishment. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann. Muhlhausen, David. The Death Penalty Deters Crime. The Death Penalty. Ed. Jenny Cromie and Lynn M. Zott. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2013. Opposing Viewpoints.

Gucci s Impact On The Fashion Industry - 1882 Words

Gucci happens to be one of the most sought after brands in the industry. The latter emanates from the fact that Gucci is classified as one of the most successful brands in the fashion industry, owing to the fact that its products are of top-notch quality (Bhasin). Being a household name for quite some time now, Gucci prides itself in having a huge customer base on the global scene especially after changing designers, a fact that contributes greatly to its increase in sales which translate to subsequent profits (Cartner-Morley; Bowles). While it can be arguably said that Gucci is a force to reckon with in the fashion scene, a lot of factors affect the operations of this company, both internally (micro) and externally (macro†¦show more content†¦In the same magazine, Gucci was listed as a very valuable fashion brand with estimate revenue of 12.7 Billion Dollars (Forbes). The two companies show a very spirited competition which is only demarcated by an estimated revenue differe nce of 5 billion dollars. This, then, means that with such high competition in the industry, Gucci can never, at any one time, sit pretty thinking that it runs the fashion scene – far from it – other worthy brands are selling out there – they have the ability to supersede Gucci in the short and long run. Potential of new entrants into the industry It indeed goes without saying that there already exist plenty of fashion companies and houses in the prevailing fashion industry (Pratap). What this says is that the industry allows for free and unrestrained entry into the market. Conversely, the potential of the likelihood of these new entrants to be worthy adversaries and competitors in the industry (Pratap). New entrants, as Pratap postulates, have mountains to move before they can be afforded a front row seat in the industry. Pratap however appreciates that the creativity of new entrants in the market could see these new entrants offer worthy competition to the already existing fashion companies. In addition, Pratap advances that resources are major constraints to these new entrants as they often have to make plenty of investments. This is at the wake of plenty of bills to pay which include theShow MoreRelatedAdvertising Standards Authority ( Asa )1391 Words   |  6 PagesAdvertisemen t is the one way persuasive communication with a purpose to promote goods or services to potential customers. Advertisement is the backbone of commerce and industry and one of the richest industries of the world. Advertisement has acquired an unprecedented importance due to audiovisual means of information and entertainment. Due to this impact people became selective in this segment, now they prefer better, healthier and convenient style of living. Everything has its other side as well so not allRead MoreImpact Of Technology In Fashion921 Words   |  4 Pages Technological advancement in regards to Fashion As technology continues to progress fashion evolves right alongside. Before the invention of the tv the way to spread different styles and outfits was through sketches and designs. By this means it would take extended amounts of time to spread ideas of fashion from one place to another. The influence of technology on the fashion industry cannot be overlooked. Fashion is being rapidly offered to consumers at an amazingly fast rate. NowadaysRead MorePest Analysis of Gucci in Malaysia2856 Words   |  12 Pagesreport is to examine the external environment in Malaysia that affected Gucci, one of the Italian high fashion luxury brand. PEST analysis, competitive analysis and SWOT have been used by investigators to achieve the target. Gucci- Company Overview Gucci is among the sophisticated international fashion company which produces high quality of clothing, fragrances, accessories, handbags and shoes. Guccio Gucci founded Gucci in Florence in 1921. It has now become one of the biggest Italian brandRead MoreGucci Company Background Of Lvmh2458 Words   |  10 Pagesis controlled by them and is almost 2400 in numbers across the world (LVMH Financial Report, 2013). b. Company background of Gucci One of the most successful Italian fashion and leather brand, Gucci belongs to French Company Kering and is named after its founder Guccio Gucci. Founded in Florence in 1921, Gucci has since then shot up to fame owing to its high-end luxury fashion and leather products. It operates through directly operated stores across the world and also the products are wholesaled throughRead MoreCase Study - Vertu, Gucci, Lv1832 Words   |  8 PagesExecutive summary Prestigious and Luxury brands such as Gucci, Louis Vuitton and Vertu represent the uppermost level and form of craftsmanship. They demand and hindercustomer loyalty that is not affected by trends. These brands set seasonal trends and are capable of generating consumers, wherever they are established. In luxury marketing, there is a delicate relationship between 4 factors that most strongly influence the purchase of the luxury consumer. They are the exclusiveness of the brandRead MoreThe World A More Eco Friendly Environment917 Words   |  4 Pagesin today, has made efforts to make the world a more eco-friendly environment. For the most part, different industries have made a push to better the ecosystem. The oil industry developed a â€Å"clean† fuel refinery, a design to eliminate or minimize solid waste. The automotive industry has promoted cars that are fueled by power instead of gas, to decrease pollution, and the manufacturing industry has gone green by developing new equipment that uses less energy. It is almost as if â€Å"going green† has becomeRead MoreHip Hop : A Revolution1155 Words   |  5 PagesSouth Bronx, hip hop music and its style penetrated America in the late 1980s after MTV began playing heavily on rotation rap videos and launched Yo! MTV Ra ps in 1988. Music videos were like a soundtrack that people needed a wardrobe to wear. B. Fashion is used to assimilate with peers. Hip Hop aficionados’ objective is to stand out in a crowd. Signature style is like a freestyle performance. It demonstrates an individual’s special skills. Hip-hop style is not a uniform but speaks to personal styleRead MoreHermes International Sca, Manufacture, And Marketing Of Luxury Products1729 Words   |  7 Pagessubcontracted production services. The company was founded by Thierry Hermà ©s in 1837 and is headquartered in Paris, France† 2) Marketing Environment: PESTEL Political: (Hermà ¨s, 2014) â€Å"At the end of September 2014, currency fluctuations represented a negative impact of â‚ ¬77 million on Hermes revenue.† Economical : According to Science Direct (2014) â€Å"luxury market growth is strictly correlated with GDP growth because the latter creates a middle class and fosters optimism.† Due to the pricing of Hermes productsRead MoreThe Concept Of Copying Designs1011 Words   |  5 Pagesand sought out the idea to thumbprint her designs. Coco Chanel s woolen suits were a mark for counterfeits. She saw copies as promotion and was cited saying, Fashion should slip out of your hands. The very idea of protecting the seasonal arts is childish. One should not bother to protect that which dies the minute it is born (Faking It). Counterfeiting is a trend that has infested corporations infinitely. The fashion industry generally has taken huge feats due to the legal problems of counterfeitingRead MoreFashion Counterfeiting1462 Words   |  6 Pagesrather how much they will acquire from it. This leads to consumer purchasing fashion counterfeit products which is becoming a rising issue in the United States and Europe. Counterfeiting is an illegal act of producing and selling a replica of an authentic product without the permission of the designer. This market expands from movies, games, money, even medicine to clothes and accessories. Counterfeiting is a fast-growing industry that is a worldwide problem which consumers play a huge role in. Aside

Indian Railway Free Essays

Marketing Project On INDIAN RAILWAYS Submitted by: Dhruti Badami 11BSPHH010XXX Nikhil Goyal 11BSPHH01XXX ContentsPage Introduction Marketing Mix SWOT Analysis Market Segmentation Market Targeting Market Positioning The Way Forward INTRODUCTION Indian Railways is the nationalized railway company of India which owns and operates most of the country’s rail transport. It is the world’s second largest  employer behind Chinese army; has one of the largest and busiest rail networks in the world, an extensive network, which is spread over 60000 Route Kilometre, of which approximately 30 per cent is electrified. The Indian Railways have played an integrating role in the social and economic development of the country  , transporting over 18 million passengers and more than 2 million tonnes of freight daily, it is the world’s largest commercial or utility employer, with more than 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Indian Railway or any similar topic only for you Order Now 4 million employees. Besides its stated function of transporting men and goods across the length and breadth of the country, it also enhances the country’s economy. As the country is emerging as one of the rapidly growing economies in the world, the need for a well- organized transport infrastructure would become more vital. Although there have been other modes of transport available in the country, INDIAN RAILWAYS is still able to maintain its competitive position due to many advantages like geographical diversity, world’s largest networks, and above all its economical fares in delivering the services. Marketing Mix Product Railways offer three major types of services: 1) Freight Service 2) Passenger Service 3) Parcel Service Freight Service IR carries a huge variety of goods ranging from mineral ores, fertilizers and petrochemicals, agricultural produce, iron steel, multimodal traffic and others. Ports and major urban areas have their own dedicated freight lines and yards. Many important freight stops have dedicated platforms and independent lines. Indian Railways makes 70% of its revenues and most of its profits from the freight sector, and uses these profits to cross-subsidise the loss-making passenger sector. . Within the freight segment, bulk traffic accounts for nearly 95 per cent, of which more than 44 per cent is contributed by coal. Indian Railways also transports vehicles over long distances. Trucks that carry goods to a particular location are hauled back by trains saving the trucking company on unnecessary fuel expenses. Refrigerated vans are also available in many areas. The â€Å"Green Van† is a special type used to transport fresh food and vegetables. Recently Indian Railways introduced the special ‘Container Rajdhani’ or CONRAJ, for high priority freight. The highest speed notched up for a freight train is 120 kilometres per hour (75  mph) for a 5,500  metric tonne load. Under the Eleventh  Five Year Plan  of India (2007–2012), Ministry of Railways is constructing a new Dedicated Freight Corridor (DFC) covering about 2762 route km long. Passenger Service * Duronto Express These are the non-stop point to point rail services (except for operational stops) introduced for the first time in 2009. These trains connect the metros and major state capitals of India and are faster than Rajdhani Express. The Duronto services consists of classes of accommodation namely first AC, two-tier AC, three-tier AC, AC 3 Tier Economy, Sleeper Class, General Class. * Rajdhani Express These are all air-conditioned trains linking major cities to New Delhi. The Rajdhanis have high priority and are one of the fastest trains in India, travelling at about 140 km/h (87 mph). There are only a few stops on a Rajdhani route. * Shatabdi and Jan Shatabdi Express The Shatabdi trains are AC intercity seater-type trains for travel during day. Jan-Shatabdi trains consists of both AC and non-AC classes. * Garib Rath Fully air conditioned trains, designed for those who cannot afford to travel in the expensive Shatabti and Rajdhani Express. Garib Rath means â€Å"Chariot of the Poor†. The maximum speed is 130 km/h. * Superfast Mail/Express These are trains that have an average speed greater than 55 km/h (34 mph). Tickets for these trains have an additional super-fast surcharge. Mail/Express These are the most common kind of trains in India. They have more stops than their super-fast counterparts, but they stop only at relatively important intermediate stations. * Rajya Rani Express These are a series of express trains operated by Indian Railways to connect state capitals with other cities important for tourism, pilgrimage or business. * Passenger and Fast Pas senger These are slow trains that stop at most stations along the route and are the cheapest trains. The trains generally have unreserved seating accommodation but some night trains have sleeper and 3A compartments. Suburban trains These trains operate in urban areas, usually stop at all stations and have unreserved seating accommodation. * Special Tourist Trains Palace on Wheels, Deccan Odyssey, Heritage On Wheels, Golden Chariot, Darjeeling Toy Train Price Freight Traffic A number of steps have been taken in the recent years to augment the railway loading as well as the earning of the Railways. As a result of those steps, the Freight earning of the Railways increased from Rs. 36,287 crore in 2005-06 to Rs. 41,717 crore in 2006-07 (increase of 16 per cent) and the loading increased from 667. 0 MT in 2005-06 to 728. 41 MT in 2006-07 (increase of 9. 2 per cent). Continuing the process further, the Railways have taken many initiatives to increase the railways freight earnings such as discount up to 30 per cent has been permitted on traffic loaded in the notified Traditional Empty Flow Directions during both busy and lean seasons, along with special long term; lump sum rates and other concessions. Passenger Traffic Pricing process is very complex due to the presence of various types of trains, quotas, classes, and concessions. The Pricing strategy is based on keeping in mind the need the entire population of the country and is mainly based on the type of class as described below: * 1AThe First class AC: This is the most expensive class, where the fares are on par with airlines. Bedding is included with the fare in IR. This air conditioned coach is present only on popular routes between metropolitan cities and can carry 18 passengers. The coaches are carpeted, have sleeping accommodation and have privacy features like personal coupes. * 2AAC-Two tier: Air conditioned coaches with sleeping berths, ample leg room, curtains and individual reading lamps. Berths are usually arranged in two tiers in bays of six, four across the width of the coach then the gangway then two berths long ways, with curtains provided to give some privacy from those walking up and down. Bedding is included with the fare. A broad gauge coach can carry 48 passengers. * FCFirst class: Same as 1AC, without the air conditioning. This class is not very common. * 3AAC three tier: Air conditioned coaches with sleeping berths. Berths are usually arranged as in 2AC but with three tiers across the width and two long ways as before giving eight bays of eight. They are slightly less well appointed, usually no reading lights or curtained off gangways. Bedding is included with fare. It carries 64 passengers in broad gauge. * 3EAC three tier (Economy): Air conditioned coaches with sleeping berths, present in Garib Rath Trains. Berths are usually arranged as in 3AC but with three tiers across the width and three long ways. They are slightly less well appointed, usually no reading lights or curtained off gangways. Bedding is not included with fare. * CCAC chair car: An air-conditioned seater coach with a total of five seats in a row used for day travel between cities. ECExecutive class chair car: An air-conditioned seater coach with a total of four seats in a row used for day travel between cities. * SLSleeper class: The sleeper class is the most common coach, and usually ten or more coaches could be attached. These are regular sleeping coaches with three berths vertically stacked. In broad gauge, it carries 72 passengers per coach. Railways ha ve modified certain Sleeper Coaches on popular trains to accommodate 81 passengers in place of regular 72 passengers. This was done in order to facilitate benefits like clear the Passenger rush and simultaneously earn more revenue. But this has got lukewarm response with criticism from the travellers and railways have decided to remove them. * 2SSeater class: Same as AC Chair car, but with bench style seats and without the air-conditioning. * URUnreserved: The cheapest accommodation, the seats usually made up of pressed wood, but the cushioned seats have been rapidly replaced. Although entry into the compartment is guaranteed, a sitting seat is not guaranteed. Tickets issued are valid on any train on the same route if boarded within 24 hours of buying the ticket. These coaches are usually very crowded. Also higher prices are charged for Tatkal scheme and lower for senior citizens and children below 12 years of age. As a part of ongoing marketing strategy, a number of steps have been taken by Indian Railways such as reduction in fares, proliferation of ticketing facility, introduction of Passengers Incentive Schemes like Upgradation, Scheme for Frequent Travellers (SOFT), etc. Place Tickets can be booked through a variety of ways: * Book in Person at Stations * Computerized Reservation Centre * Online booking * SMS Travel Agents Promotion Since the Indian Railways is a monopoly, they do not spend much on promotional activities. Their major promotions include advertising in print media, usually newspapers and hoardings. They sponsor certain national events such as the recently held Commonwealth Games in Delhi and beam TV commercials during that period. Bibliography http://www. sustainable-sourcing. com/2009/06/29/nhs-procurements-10-carbon-chal lenge/ www. wikipedia. org http://indiabudg et. nic. in/es2001-02/chapt2002/chap98. pdf http ://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Indian Railways How to cite Indian Railway, Papers

Lenovo Case free essay sample

Hydroelectricity or hydroelectric power is the electricity obtained by harnessing the power of water flowing down from a high level. It is a timeless and renewable resource. Huge generators convert the potential energy of falling or fast moving water into electrical energy. The potential energy of the water is first converted into mechanical energy and then into electrical energy. Water, usually stored in dams, is led down through large pipes or tunnels to lower levels, and in the course of the fall, the water rotates turbines. The mechanical energy produced is converted to electricity by the generators connected to it. The structure that houses the turbines and generators is called the powerhouse. Transformers change the alternating current produced by the generators into current of very high voltage for easy transmission through long distances. Hydropower is one of the three principal sources of energy used to generate electricity, the other two being fossil fuels and nuclear fuels. Hydroelectricity has certain advantages over these other sources: it is continually renewable thanks to the recurring nature of the water cycle, and causes no pollution. Also, it is one of the cheapest sources of electrical energy. The Itaip Dam between Brazil and Paraguay, which is 190 metres high and generates more than 12,600 MW, is the largest hydropower dam in the world. (The 185-metre Three Gorges Dam, now being constructed in China on the upper Yangtze River, would take its place by 2009, producing 18,200 MW of power ). The Grand Coulee Dam, located near Spokane, Washington, is the largest hydropower dam in the United States, producing 6,480 MW. The Rogun Dam, in Russia, the tallest in the world, is 335 metres high. The Oroville dam, located in California, the tallest in the United States, is 235 metres high. Idukki dam in India is Asias first and largest archdam. Lenovo Case Study By vaibhavtaneJa PROJECT MANAGEMENT IMPROVES LENOVOS STRATEGY EXECUTION AND CORE COMPETITIVENESS l. Background In recent years, the personal computer (PC) industry has been developing by leaps and bounds. Global sales of PCs totaled 230 million units in 2006, representing a 9 percent increase over the previous year. Lenovo has a product line that includes everything from servers and storage devices to printers, printer supplies, projectors, digital products, computing accessories, computing services and mobile handsets, all n addition to its primary PC business, which made up 96 percent of the companys turnover as of the second quarter of 2007. Since its acquisition of IBMs Personal Computing Division in May 2005, Lenovo has been accelerating its business expansion into overseas markets. The company transferred its corporate headquarters from Beijing, China to Raleigh, North Carolina, USA. Today, the group has branch offices in 66 countries around the globe. It conducts business in 166 countries and employs over 25,000 people worldwide. Lenovo is organized into four geographical units: Greater China, America, Asia-Pacific, Europe, and the Middle East and Africa (EMEA). Within each unit there are functional departments that include production, transportation, supply chain management, marketing and sales. Sales outside of Greater China compromised 59 percent of the companys total turnover in the second quarter of 2007. II. Challenges Before 2004, multinational PC makers like Dell and HP were experiencing difficulties localizing their business in the Chinese market and thus did not pose a serious competitive threat to Lenovo. However, their operations began to have a major impact n Lenovo market share in 2004, particularly among key accounts†mandating better execution and core competitiveness in order to increase market share and improve business performance. Ill. Solutions In order to address these challenges, Lenovo proposed substantial changes to its business model and strategy in 2004, employing a project-focused approach to develop its corporate strategy. Specific steps taken were: Implementing project management as the tool for executing corporate strategy 1 . After confirming the companys overall corporate strategy, Lenovo set about referred to as strategic projects. Strategic projects differ from RD projects in that time and cost cannot be used as yardsticks for success. Such projects may be about expanding into new markets, solving underlying problems, enhancing organizational efficiency, integrating strategic resources or improving employee satisfaction or capabilities. In the past, some strategic planning had not been followed up on sufficiently but the application of strategic project management solved this problem; strategic projects began to actually be executed and generated results. 2. Lenovo also established a Project Management Office (PMO) to coordinate strategic projects. Beginning in 2004 and early 2005, Lenovo put in place the processes and the organizational structure for its PMO. It also formalized the relationships between strategic leaders and the PMO and budgeted resources for the office. Subsequently, all of Lenovos other departmental regulations needed to conform to PMO regulations, with detailed regulations being outlined by specific business departments. However, Lenovos PMO did not interfere with projects administratively; rather it offered training and established standardized procedures. Lenovo employees see the PMO as a kind of resource rather than an administrative facility. Designating a PMO as an administrative facility is one of several things that have doomed such offices in the past, but Lenovos office has thrived, winning the companys excellent team award. The company believes that certain conditions must exist in order to successfully utilize project management: First, a company must face a challenge (i. e. an external factor that demands it to do so); second, the office must be prioritized by the company leadership; third, the office must be led by a professional team in order to guarantee that company-specific systems are eveloped; and finally, it must conform with the companys organizational culture and be appreciated. Otherwise its hard to execute