Brain Drain In pakistan Essay

1.Brain drain is basically understood as the country’s loss of highly-skilled human capital together with a simultaneous lack of â€Å"brain circulation†, that is, the flow of talent from one country to another country. Pakistan is facing a twofold challenge, on the one hand an alarming increase in the skill level of human capital exiting the country’s economic system, particularly the scientifically- and technologically-skilled personnel, resulting in the erosion of national competitiveness. On the other hand, there is the system’s poor ability to attract skilled human capital from the rest of the world. A loss of our talent, combined with an inability to attract foreign â€Å"brains†, heavily penalizes the country in the context of a globalized world that increasingly competes on the basis of knowledge and innovation. The policies instituted to date by the our govtt, as well as by the private sector, aimed at reversing outward flows or attracting highly-skilled individuals to Pakistan have been inadequate. The main shortcoming of these policies has been that they have taken the form of low-key and often uncoordinated initiatives Aim 2. To find out the causes of Brain drain in pakistan and suggest measures to dec it. Seq 3.This paper will be unfold in fol seq:- a.Definition and types incl cat of skilled pers of brain drain b.Factor Causing brain drain. c.Remedies for brain drain. d.Analysis e.Recommendations f.Concl Definition and types of brain drain 4.What is Brain Drain.It the phenomenon of abandonment of a country in favor of another by professionals or people with a high level of education, generally following an offer of better pay or living conditions as well as improved conditions for conducting one’s professional activities. 5.Types.Fol are the types of brain drain :- a.Eco Brain Drain b.Religious brain drain c.Educational Brain drain d.Intellectuals Brain drain 6.Fol are the cat of skilled pers who form part of brain drain:- a.Corporate transferees. These persons operate at an international level through internal labor markets. Their transfers are prompted by various reasons and may last for periods of time of varying length. Frequently, such transfers are motivated by career advancement and training needs. This category also includes specialists in production systems, marketing and research; their transfers meet the organizational needs of the firms for whom they work .b.Technicians and visiting firemen. These are individuals whose movements reflect the specific occupational skills they possess. Their movements can take place within international labor markets or within the ambit of the operations of multinationals. Transfers may be related to specific development projects, or they may come about unforeseeably or in response to management needs in crisis situations. c.Professionals.Who often work in the healthcare or education sector, and are frequently engaged by non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Selection takes place on an individual basis and is for specific periods of time abroad. In some NGOs, deployment abroad may become permanent. d.Project specialists. Their migration is related to specific projects being carried out abroad. Transfers technically speaking go through internal labor systems, although sometimes these persons are recruited on the external labor market for limited contract periods. e.Consultant specialists. An increasing number of white-collar organizations are resorting to engaging specialists for a wide range of activities. The destinations are global, according to the organizational structure of the client. The consultancy firms themselves are becoming transnational in nature. f. Private career development and training. Many people are seeking opportunities through external labor markets for career advancement and further training, which necessitate stays of varying lengths abroad. This group includes different professions, but also young people in their early career years seeking experiences in foreign settings. This category also includes those who are in later stages of their career and whose transfers may be read in terms of â€Å"chasing the dollar†. g.  Priests and missionaries.   Religious and â€Å"semi-religious† orders who traditionally send their members abroad for periods of varying durations. The groups involved overlap with other types of emigrants, especially in the healthcare and education sectors. h. Entertainers, sportspersons and artists. This is a diverse internationally mobile group of persons whose stays abroad are often for brief periods. Some of them can, however, settle overseas permanently. i. Academics, researchers and other academic staff. There is a substantial exchange of academics and researchers between universities and similar institutions for periods of variable length. Many transfers are for relatively short periods, such as an academic term, whilst others are for longer durations (the archetypal brain drain situation). j. Students in higher education institutions. A growing number of young people are undertaking studies abroad, at all levels and for periods of varying duration, ranging from several months to a number of years. k. Spouses and children of the abovementioned categories can be reasonably included in all evaluations of the migration processes of highly-skilled individuals, though in strict labor-market terms, their inclusion would be questionable. Brain circulation This concept describes training and career paths in which students or workers go abroad to specialize and then return to their country of origin, drawing on the experience they have amassed to secure more advantageous employment conditions. Factor causing brain drain in Pakistan 6.Some of the major causes of brain drain are as fol ;- a.Un-employment b.Social Injustice c.Lack of institutional Facilities. d.Poverty e.Lack of Nationalism f.illiteracy g.Lack of Counseling Institutions h.Provisional Discremation. PROPOSALS FOR ACTION: GOVERNMENT AUTHORITIES In terms of government authorities, five main areas of action are proposed: investment in research on par with that of other major economies; clear-cut policy choices that promote brain circulation; the adoption of models apt to encourage study and specialization abroad, and a subsequent return to Italy; the establishment of public-private partnerships; and the facilitation of entry visa procedures for foreign researchers and talent. In terms of universities and other public and private research centers, the work to be done is extensive and should form part of an earnest reform of the university system. There are at least nine main areas of action proposed: an overhaul of competitive exams for academic posts; the establishment of PhD courses in line with modern and competitive criteria; the delocalization abroad of periods of university and postgraduate study; the creation of academic centers of excellence; a shake-up of research funding; the conduct of university courses in English and the internationalization of curricula; the optimization of remuneration packages; mandatory retirement at age 65 in respect of all managerial roles performed by university academics, with a view to facilitating renewal; and the establishment of exchange programs. A boost in research investment First and foremost, we note that research cannot be undertaken without investment. Paksitan spends 0.8% of GDP on research and development (2008 figures). This percentage is surprisingly low compared to that for countries such as the United States (2.8%) or the Swiss Confederation (2.9%), but also relative to the European average (1.8%). The adoption of policy choices aimed at promoting brain circulation Policy choices apt to facilitate the departure and arrival of skilled human capital from around the world are a necessary precondition for Italy to be geared towards social and economic development that is competitive with that of other countries. Such policies should also tackle the social immobility, patronage, parochialism and vested interests that have historically contributed to the brain drain from Italy and, at the same time, hinder the influx of skilled human capital to our country. The creation of public-private partnerships Government institutions should encourage partnerships with the private sector and with universities, and strengthen their links with the local labor market. Such collaborative relationships would also instill a more international and global culture in a society that would become more competitive and transparent. Proposals for action: universities and other research bodies It is essential that our universities and other research centers be made attractive, international and accessible to foreign students and researchers, in order to help even out the balance between incoming and outgoing talent. This obviously entails making the university system more open and meritocratic, giving rise to a need for serious and farsighted reforms. The creation of centers of excellence In order to ensure the workability of two-way exchange programs, it is necessary to create centers of excellence capable of attracting and hosting the best international students and researchers, providing them with a standard of quality similar to that in their sending country or which they would be able to find elsewhere in the world. A shake-up of research funding We propose that an end be put to indiscriminate funding, which should instead be allocated according to peer-reviewed proposals with calls issued on a regular basis. Adjudication panels should draw on international experts with no ties to the research institutes associated with the proposals. Medium-term and final reports should be required and be a key condition for obtaining further funding. Remedies For Brain Drain in Pakistan 6.Some of the major remedies of brain drain are as fol ;- a.Aval of jobs. b.Provn of Social Justice c.Improvement in institutional Facilities. d.Eco Reforms e.Uplifting Nationalism f.Security Sit g.Making of Counseling Institutions h.Role of Media. i.Revision of Immigration Policies

How Antagonists Effect a Story Essay

In the movie Dark Knight Rises, the antagonist was Bane. Bane’s motives were to wreck and destroy the plans of the protagonist, Batman. Likewise, the antagonist in the book To Kill a Mockingbird, Bob Ewell displayed similar characteristics that were against the protagonist, Scout Finch. In the case of the Shakespearean play Midsummer Night’s Dream, the antagonist is not clear since the play is fully based on confusion and accidents. However, the closest thing being the antagonist is love since it causes the characters in the play to act erratic, foolish and fickle. All the antagonists strived for one similar goal; to ruin the plans of the protagonists. In Dark Knight Rises, Bane displayed his antagonistic character by wreaking havoc in the city of Gotham which is contrary to what Batman would do. â€Å"When Gotham is ashes, then you have my permission to die. â€Å"- Bane to batman after initially defeating him explaining why he does not kill him. This line states Bane’s plan for Gotham and Batman. It also proves that Bane is the antagonist. This also display’s Bane’s yearning for power. By defeating Batman, he expects to establish his rule over Gotham. â€Å"Oh, you think the darkness is your ally. But you merely adopted the dark; I was born in it, moulded by it, I didn’t see the light until I was already a man, by then it was nothing to me but BLINDING! â€Å"- Bane to Batman during their first bout. This quote explains how Bane thinks he can defeat batman and prevail. It also displays a key quality of an antagonist which is confidence. Bane’s behavior and actions in the movie affects the plot in a huge way. It calls upon Gotham’s fate into question whether if Gotham city will survive or not. Therefore, this adds a dramatic suspense to the plot and raises its climax. In To Kill a Mockingbird, Bob Ewell displayed his antagonistic character by going against the verdict at Tom Robinson’s trial, someone who he claims, raped his daughter, Mayella Ewell. After Bob lost the case after being confronted by Atticus of clear evidence that he was lying, he attacked Atticus’ children Scout and Jem. This show’s Bob’s need for revenge and his hatred towards Atticus. He also treats mostly all the characters in the book in an offensive manner and he is hated by everyone. â€Å"I seen that black nigger yonder ruttin’ on my Mayella! † (17. 84). This quote proves his persistence in proving the point that Tom Robinson (whom he refers to as ‘nigger’) raped Mayella. Persistence is also a preserved quality in an antagonist. â€Å"You don’t have to touch her, all you have to do is make her afraid, an’ if assault ain’t enough to keep you locked up awhile, I’ll get you in on the Ladies’ Law, so get outa my sight! If you don’t think I mean it, just bother that girl again! † (27. 8, 12). This quote which was pointed against Helen Robinson, shows that Bob Ewell is a power seeking person. By scaring Helen, he is declaring his power over her. Bob has a major effect on the plot of this story, not only he is raising suspense, but he is also the leading cause for hatred in the story. Had not Bob befit this role in the plot, the story would have not reached its climax. In the Shakespearean play Midsummer Night’s Dream, the antagonist is not clearly depicted since it is a comedy. However, there seems to be a great deal of actions of foolishness and fickleness among the characters. This is caused by love. When Hermia fell in love with Lysander, Demetrius who was betrothed to marry Hermia, objected to their love. However, another maiden named Helena was in love with Demetrius. This displays a trail which love creates. In other words, a confusion on who loves who. To further eradicate this confusion, the flower’s juice which was placed on Lysander and Demetrius turned the situation around. The lovers switched their hearts to Helena. Therefore causing a huge mishap. Love has a huge effect on the plot. It caused hatred and violence therefore adding to the suspense and the climax. It was also persistent which resulted in the characters’ firm actions. In Conclusion, the antagonists in all three pieces had the following similar characteristics: Persistence, Power hunger and hatred. However, all the antagonists strived towards one specific goal that is to eliminate the protagonist. All three antagonists had similar effects towards the plot and therefore raising the climax.

Oppression And Exile Of The Israelites Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Oppression And Exile Of The Israelites - Essay Example The Promised Land was first made to Abraham and was renewed to his son Isaac and later to Jacob. It was to be given to the Israelites after Moses had led them from the bondage of Egypt. Moses was the son of an Israelite but was adopted by Pharaoh's daughter and raised as a royal child in the palace. He was educated about God and his promises to the children of Israelites. By his real mother who asked to take care of him. When Moses was an adult, he found two people fighting, an Egyptian and an Israelite. He killed the Israelite to prove his loyalty to the Egyptians and due to this immoral act; he went into hiding but had his faith in God. He was later called by God to deliver the Israelites from slavery. Moses rejected the call giving a reason that he was not a good orator, but God insisted1. When he finally went to see the pharaoh, he refused to let go of the slaves as the Egyptians had provided all the services to their masters. Pharaoh was adamant about his decision of letting the Israelites go, and God punished him with the ten calamities that softened his heart and let them leave. The Israelites were difficult to persuade to leave Egypt as they had lived all their lives there. Moreover, Moses had a hard time leading them out. It was a difficult mission for Moses to lead the rowdy ex-slaves into the wilderness as they had no rules to guide them. God saw this and gave Moses the Ten Commandments after fasting for forty days at Mt Sinai. However, as Moses was climbing down the mountain, he found the Israelites doing all sorts of immoral things and worshipping idols that made him angry and dropped and broke the commandments that were written on stone pillars. Moses was very angry and destroyed the idol. He went back to the mountain to repent on behalf of the children of Israelites and after forty days, God allowed him to engrave the commandments on rock tablets.

Coursework for Week 5 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

For Week 5 - Coursework Example The consumers are aware of their involvement with finance as operations between the parties are transparent. Banks provide ideal information for credit, mortgages and advice on risky investments making consumers have good decision-making in the economy. Business cycles are the fluctuations that an economy experiences over a particular period. In United States, it is usually measured by the national bureau of economic research (NBER) often noted by expansion and recession. The cycle begins with development that shows an economic growth of high income, reduction of unemployment and increased productivity while depression refers to contraction of the exceeding highlighted indicators. For expansion, it is the time from one trough of the previous cycle to peak of the current cycle, and the vice-versa is true for recession. Economists believe that workers should be compensated according to the output of the firm or the economy. Hence, as labor productivity increases, wages should rise in equal measure that has not been the case in the United States (Basu, & Foley, 2013). Inflation has been on the rise while wages are relatively constant over the past few decades; hence their consumption power is reduced as they cannot purchase the bundles of goods as before. Due to this, workers have to worry about their production in the

Discussion questions Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discussion questions - Coursework Example The care factor of the nursing profession is an art and without being skillful in this art, the science of nursing isn’t very helpful.    When people say that they understand something, an idea or a concept, which can be as simple as learning how a machine or a software works or as complicated as Rene Decarte’s philosophy of existence, it is that comprehension, knowledge or understanding of the subject which is enveloped in the term epistemology. In other words, the very definition of the word ‘knowledge’ is epistemology.    Empiricism is the learning method that deems only the experience or the evidence a credible source for learning something. The five senses of touch, smell, taste, hearing and sight are the only channels that can qualify rough information as knowledge once it has gone through the test of experience.    Pospositivism is just a critical analysis of positivism. This form of positivism deems the studies ‘subjective’, where the prerequisite is that the subject and researcher are independent of each other and therefore the study or the conclusion is valid and ‘objective’. A paradigm is where distinct concepts (theories and practices) exist in coherence. This concept gives nurses the liberty to amend the nursing theories according to their specific situation in order to meet their goals.    The metaparadigm of nursing is defined by the following 4 concepts: person, environment, health, and nursing. Do you agree within this global representation of nursing? Why or why not? Would you add any other components or sub-components?   I would not add any other components to the definition of metaparadigm. The four concepts of; person, environment, health and nursing are comprehensive and all-inclusive. Nursing practice revolves around the person (patient) and everything is attached to responding to the patient’s needs. The environment is second most important factor. A nurse trained

The Major Stakeholders of Global Warming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Major Stakeholders of Global Warming - Essay Example Due to the increase in temperature, many of the living organisms get affected, and most of them die. The rise in the concentration of greenhouse gases results in the Earth becoming warmer progressively. This concentration mostly occurs by the release of gases, like CO2, in the atmosphere through natural processes, and also by industries and factories that burn fossil fuels. Deforestation is another cause of increase in CO2 concentration in the atmosphere, since trees are the most important absorbers of CO2; and, when they are cut down, CO2 increases which concentrates the atmosphere. It is argued that CO2 will eventually lead to man’s death by warming up the Earth to an unacceptable level. There are many stakeholders of global warming. Human beings are the most important stakeholders, and are also the origin of it. All individuals must understand that human communities are at stake due to abrupt rise in sea level, massive storms and hurricanes, and heat and cold waves. For ins tance, the year 2007 brought worst floods in the history of many countries like Malaysia, UK, North Korea, and other African countries. Pakistan saw the worst flood in 2010, which took millions of lives and unsheltered thousands of people. Next to human beings, the stakeholders are the animals and plants. Some animals are able to move to places of suitable temperature, but some are not able to cross the mountain barriers and waters. Plants are immobile, so they die. Global governments are also one of the stakeholders, whose vision toward solving the issue of global warming depends upon the views of their citizens. Many of these governments have not been able to take steps toward the solution of global warming, but there are other examples like Kyoto Protocol of 1997 which planned to counter the climate change issue. The Southern Baptist Convention of June 2007, which was considered as the country’s largest Protestant denomination (Miller, 2008, p.128), raised concerns about t he fact that global warming will continue to affect the poor of the country, because even if steps are taken to counter global warming by reducing the number of factories that emit CO2, this will result in an increase in the cost of energy that will ultimately affect the poor. Businesses are the only stakeholders that will not make movements against the global warming issue; instead, they will even try to stop the movement against global warming. This is because businesses tend to run such factories and industries that emit CO2 into the atmosphere; and, no businessman would want to end his business. But not all businesses work in this manner. For example, FedEx is such a company that tends to decrease global warming by shifting its entire fleet of delivery trucks to hybrids. The biggest hazard of global warming is that it is giving rise to many climate changes. Earth, today, is much warmer than it was 100 years ago. â€Å"Around the world, the Earth's average temperature has risen more than 1 degree Fahrenheit (0.8 degrees Celsius) over the last century, and about twice that in parts of the Arctic† (National Geographic Society, para.2). One way we can observe the Earth getting warmer is by observing the trees. In warmer conditions, the trees get thicker and form thick rings.  

Annotation - The Tale of Genji Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Annotation - The Tale of Genji - Article Example The novel shows how the Lotus Sutra entered Japan on her way from China in the early 9th century thus becomes tied to the courts nobles (Murasaki 67). Tale of Genji is a thrilling novel, which follows the life of a charming and handsome courtier from his childhood numerous adventures to renewed success and exile. It focuses on the painful death of his dearest companion called Murasaki and his son’s closest friend Kashiwagi betrayal. At long run, the novel shifts its attention to Genji’s descendants after his death caused by the devastation after his new wife becoming a nun. The novel revolves around certain themes, which emanates from the characters such as Genji in the novel. The novel depicts the theme of society from the elite group of aristocrats who are more interested in their own leisure because of the location of the emperor at their centre, thus creating a vast society. The aristocrats after obsessions by the breeding and rankings they would sensitized on nature’s beauty through the music pleasures and warm clothing (Murasaki 102). This depicts by Heian courtiers who knew little about the outside world form their capital and less cared. They considered as common people almost becoming sub humans because they rarely or never travelled at all. In the novel, there existed five court ranks with the top three ranks being high court nobles while the fourth and the fifth ranks being the provincial governor class. These classes often sneered at because of its courtified behavior and its lower rank. This depicted the theme of society existed with Murasaki being a Fujiwara and the governor of Echizen daughter. The provincial governors in the novel did well financially, but they considered the three-year duty tour to the provinces to be virtual exile. The Heian trips to the provincial capitals and the religious pilgrimages were the only undertaken travel by the Aristocrats. This act of the Heian Aristocrats lack of